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Ch 5 -

Exam 2: Cell Division

QuestionAnswer
cell cycle interphase and mitosis
preparation for cell division interphase
(interphase) _____ remains intact nuclear membrane
(interphase) DNA is being replicated so the chromosomes are... unwound and essentially invisible under the microscope
(interphase) identical copies of DNA, half new, half old sister chromatids
(interphase) everything in cell must be _____ duplicated
(interphase) can occupy up to _____ of the cell cycle 90% or more
(interphase) not a _____ stage resting
interphase is divided into 3 periods: Growth 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Growth 2 (G2)
Growth 1 (G1) cell increases in size and produces ribosomes, RNA, etc.
Synthesis (S) DNA replication takes place (total DNA is doubled)
Growth 2 (G2) mitochondria and other organelles divide
4 phases of mitosis (PMAT) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
distribution of exact copies of chromosomes to daughter cells mitosis (animals)
(prophase) nuclear membrane... begins to break down
(prophase) DNA... condenses into coils and becomes visible as chromosomes
(prophase) centrioles... migrate to poles
(prophase) spindles form, each has: a pole, fibers, and an aster-an array of short microtubules radiating from the pole
(metaphase) chromosomes... line up at the end of the equator
(metaphase) nuclear membrane... disappears completely
(metaphase) spindles... are fully formed
(anaphase) sister chromatids... are separated and migrate to either pole - now referred to as chromosomes
(telophase) chromosomes... become chromatin
(telophase) nuclear membrane... forms for each daughter cell
(telophase) nucleoli... form and begin producing ribosomes
(telophase) a cleavage furrow... begins to divide the 2 cells - cytokinesis
(telophase) when cytokinesis is complete,... mitosis has ended
plant cells - same as animal cells except: no asters (or centrioles) appear; and instead of a cleavage furrow, a cell plate forms from the inside out
Mitosis: the process by which 2 daughter cells are produced that have equal amounts of DNA and other important substances
Meiosis: develops cell for sexual reproduction; the process brings about the development of gametes with only half the number of original chromosomes; when the gametes unite to form a zygote, the original chromosome number is restored
(meiosis) species which reproduce _____ sexually
(meiosis) these organisms contain more than one copy of... each chromosome
(meiosis) these copies code for... the same functions (homologous) but are slightly different
(meiosis) human somatic cells (generic body cells) are... 2N or diploid, meaning their cells contain 2 sets of homologous chromosomes (1 from mom, 1 from dad)
(meiosis) reproductive cells (sperm or ova) are... N or haploid
meiosis divides cells so that... they go from diploid (2 versions) to haploid (1 version)
steps in meiosis: like mitosis but 2 rounds are needed= meiosis I and meiosis II
(prophase I) homologous chromosomes... each having 2 sister chromatids are lined up in a process called synapsis
(prophase I) synapsis forms a... tetrad - 2 chromatids stuck together in an X shape
(prophase I) homologous genes are... randomly swapped in a process called cross-over
(prophase I) each resulting chromatid is... a mosaic of parental chromosomes
(metaphase I) tetrads... align at the equator
(anaphase and telophase I) homologous chromosomes (NOT sister chromatids) are... drawn to either daughter cell
period between meiosis I and meiosis II - No DNA replication interkinesis
prophase II - telophase II dyads are pulled apart; resulting cells are haploid
gametogenesis the generic process (produces gametes)
spermatogenesis in males, 4 genetically different sperm are produced
oogenesis in females, 3 of the 4 die, leaving one ovum
Created by: chelsea_2010
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