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Ch 25.1 - 25.5

Exam 2: Molecular Basis for Inheritance

QuestionAnswer
proteins are the key to... life
Everything in life is either made _____ proteins or _____ proteins of; by
Enzymes are made of... proteins
Enzymes are the machines that do all of the... chemical work in living things
Enzymes are catalysts for... biochemical reactions
Enzymes speed up reactions by _____ the molecules and providing... orienting; things that the reaction needs to work (protons, electrons, etc.)
proteins are made up of strings of... amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
each of the _____ amino acids has a different _____ 20; side-chain (called an R group)
nonpolar group hydrophobic
Polar, neutral group hydrophilic
aromatic group hydrophobic
negatively charged group hydrophilic (goes toward positive)
positively charged group hydrophilic (goes toward negative)
sulfur-containing group hydrophilic
the different R-groups allow the strings of amino acids to fold into... unique 3-dimensional structures
_____ hold the code for the order that the amino acids should come in genes
gene theory DNA transciption > RNA translation > protein
DNA holds the permanent record of the code and gets passed down from the... in _____ parent cell to the daughter cells in replication
_____ makes a temporary copy of the code (RNAm) and takes it outside the nucleus into the cytoplasm transcription
_____ uses rRNA and tRNA to translate the code into the correct order amino acids translation
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
double-stranded helix 2 DNA strands wound around each other
each strand of a double-stranded helix is made up of _____ nucleotides
each nucleotide is always made up of: a backbone of: a sugar - deoxyribose and a phosphate - negatively charged; one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases (A,T,C,G)
the nitrogenous bases can be hydrogen bond to form a... complimentary pair - A with T; G with C (Always Try Grandma's Cookies)
hydrogen bonds are weaker than _____ but stronger than _____ (weaker than) covalent; (stronger than) ionic
each strand contains the _____ of the other strand compliment
Significance: if you know one strand... you know and build the other
replication complete copy
transcription partial copy
translation to protein
(replication) enzymatic proteins unwind and separate the... 2 strands
(replication) individual free bases called... are... nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) are floating in the area
(replication) the free NTPs _____ bond with the correct... hydrogen; complementary base on each of the unwound strands
(replication) the bases are joined together in a new DNA molecule by a _____ polymerase
(replication) associated enzymes _____ the matches proof-read
(replication) the result is 2 identical double-helixes, each of which is... half old, half new
(transcription) DNA is copied to _____ RNA
(transcription) RNA uses _____ instead of _____ (uses) ribose; (instead of) deoxyribose
(transcription) _____ replaces Thyamine (T) Uracil (U)
(transcription) messenger RNA (mRNA) is a... temporary copy of the code for the amino acid sequence
(transcription) the mRNA is _____ stable than DNA much less; This helps regulate which genes get transcribed when. If RNA stayed around, all genes would be constantly turned on.
(transcription) the mRNA takes the message out to the _____ cytoplasm
(transcription) different messages have different _____ stabilities, from several hours to only seconds
(transcription) DNA is unwound in the _____ nucleus
(transcription) mRNA is made using one strand of DNA as _____ template
(transcription) the mRNA takes the message out to the... ribosomes in the cytoplasm
translation= decoding the message
(translation) made up of proteins and _____ ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
(translation) ribosomes are the machines that decode the _____ to build a _____ mRNA; protein
[transfer RNA (tRNA)] one end has _____ attached an amino acid
[transfer RNA (tRNA)] the other end has a 3 base sequence called _____ an anticodon
[transfer RNA (tRNA)] the anticodon is specific for __ _____ one amino acid
[transfer RNA (tRNA)] this anticodon matches... a 3 codon base on the mRNA
Every 3 bases of DNA stand for __ ______ one amino acid
The sequence of codons stands for _____ an amino acid sequence
The order of amino acids in a _____ is specified by the order of bases in the _____ protein chain; DNA
The Genetic Code -- the action of ribosomes: the ribosome wraps around the _____ strand and slides up and down, looking for a _____ mRNA; message
(the action of ribosomes) the tRNA with an anticodon that matches the 1st codon _____ with the codon on the _____ hydrogen bonds; mRNA
(the action of ribosomes) a 2nd tRNA moves... into place behind it
(the action of ribosomes) the 1st amino acid is transferred from the... to be bonded with the... 1st tRNA; 2nd amino acid
(the action of ribosomes) the 1st tRNA is _____ released
(the action of ribosomes) the ribosome moves down one _____, a 3rd _____ moves into place, and we start over codon; tRNA
Control of genes= _____ bind to the beginning of a gene and keep it from being transcribed repressor proteins
_____ code for repressor proteins regulator genes
cancer not one disorder but many
(cancer) if regulatory genes are damaged... they cannot turn off cell growth
(cancer) cells grow and multiply _____ unchecked
(point mutations) a single base is changed to a different base - result... one amino acid is chaged in the protein that is produced
(point mutations) if the amino is not important to the function, then... no problem
(point mutations) if the amino is important to the function, then... the protein is not functional
(frameshift mutations) a base is lost or gained from the sequences - result... all the codons from there on are off by one
(frameshift mutations) the protein can only survive if the mistake is... close to the end
Created by: chelsea_2010
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