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Animal Diversity 1
McGraw Hill 5th Edition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Symmetry | Identical size & shape on opposite sides of a median plane. |
| Spherical | any plane passing through the center divides it into equal halves. Ex Protozoan |
| Radial | body forms can be divided into 2 halves by any ??? plane passing through the animal. |
| Bilateral | body forms can be divided into 2 halves, right & left, along the sagittal plane; adapted for forward motion, occurs in most animal phyla. |
| Anterior | The head end |
| Posterior | Tail End |
| Dorsal | Backside |
| Belly Side | Ventral |
| Acoelomate | Without body cavity Ex: planaria (flatworms) |
| Pseudocoelomate | body cavity lacks peritoneum Ex: nematode (roundworms) |
| Eucoelomate | Body Cavity Ex: peritoneum; all vertebrate animals have this |
| Animal Organization | Protoplasmic (unicellular), Cellular (multicellular), Cell-tissue (multicellular), Tissue-organ (multicellular), Organ-System (multicellular) |
| Protoplasmic | unicellular, all functions occur within a single cell, cell contains organelles with specific functions Ex: Protozoan |
| Cellular | Group of cells with different functions, cells are not grouped into tissues |
| Cell-tissue | Similar cells organized into layers with common function. Ex: Nerve net in Cnidaria |
| Tissue-organ | Group of tissues organized into organs, Ex: planaria eye spots, digestive tract in flatworms) |
| Organ-system | Group of organs performing a function. Highest level of organization. Ex: reproductive, circulatory, digestive, respiration, endocrine |
| Tissue | similar cells organized into layers that have a common function; 4 types |
| Epithelial Tissue | sheets of cells covering an internal or external surface. forms secrete mucus, hormones, or enzymes. |
| Epithelial Tissue (Function & Classification) | protection; lines organs of body cavity. Classified based on cell form and number of layers. Ex: SIMPLE (single layer of cells) STRATIFIED (multiple layers) |
| Connective Tissue | combination of a few cells and many fibers in a fluid matrix. functions: binding & support. Ex: Cartilage, bone, loose, dense, loose |
| Loose | anchors, vessels, organs; least dense |
| dense | collagen; forms tendons, ligaments |
| cartilage | packed fibers in a gel matrix; support |
| bone | calcified for support |
| Muscle Tissue | most common type of tissue, made of fibers |
| Muscle Tissues (function) | contraction. |
| Skeletal muscle | contracts on command; voluntary Ex. lifting weights |
| Cardiac muscle | heart muscle; involuntary |
| Smooth muscle | lines "tubes", intestines and blood vessels; involuntary |
| Nervous Tissue (definition & function) | composed of neurons. Function: recieving and transmitting impulses |
| dendrite | recieve stimuli from other neurons |
| axon | trasmits impulses; electrical |
| Schwann cells | forms insulating protective sheath |
| synapse | transmits impulse to another neuron or organ; chemical |
| Body Size | larger animals are generally more complex, volume increases faster than surface area. More difficult for gases & neutrients to pass into the body. |
| Internal transport Systems | help move nutrients/gas through the body |
| taxonomy | the science of naming organisms |
| systematics | the science classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships |
| Hierarchial | Organisms that share a recent common ancestor are placed in this group |
| The Linnean System | 7 Major taxonomic ranks. moved from most general to most specific. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Genus | First word Ex: Wolf=CANIS lupus |
| Species | Second word Ex: Wolf=Canis LUPUS |
| Phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a group of animals |
| Characters | the features of organisms used to construct evolutionary trees |
| Homology | character similarities due to descent from a common ancestor |
| Homoplasy | when two organisms look alike, but trait is not due to common ancestry. Ex: streamlined body shape evolved for similar function |
| Types of Characters | Types of characters used to generate evolutionary trees includes: Morphological, Biochemical, Cytological |
| Morphological | examines shapes and sizes of organismal structures Ex: bones, scales, fur, feathers (includes living organisms and fossils) |
| Biochemical | neucletic acid and amino acid sequence similarities Ex: DNA from living orgs and some fossils |
| Cytological | uses variation in the numbers, shapes, and sizes of chromosomes to identify similarities. (Living animals only) |
| Monophyly | a group is considered monophyletic if: it includes the most recent common ancestor for all members of the group or it includes all descendants of that ancestor. |
| Polyphyly | a group is considered polyphyletic if it doesnt include the most recent common ancestor for all members of the group. |
| The 5 Kingdon System | Monera (unicell prokaryotic org), Protista (unicell eukaryotic org), Plantae, Fungi, Animalia |
| The 3 Domain System | Eucarya (eukaryotic org), Bacteria (true bacteria), Archaea (the prokaryotes that differ from true bacteria) |
| Characteristics of Protozoans | Unicellular, microscopic, specialized organelles, locomotion, asexual and sexual reproduction |
| Protozoans can be.... | Symbiotic, mutalistic, comensalistic, parasitic |
| Symbiotic | two organisms living together |
| mutalistic | both organisms benefit |
| comensalistic | one benefits and the other is not affected |
| parasitic | one benefits and the other is harmed |
| Neucleus | contains genetic material; DNA & RNA. membrance around the nucleus (eukaryotic) |
| Mitocondria | produces cell's energy |
| Vacuoles | storage "sacs". Food particles are stored here to be broken down later by lysosomes |
| lysosomes | break down food particles |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | produces fats, hormones, proteins and detoxifies cells |
| Golgi Apparatus | sorts, packages and transports ithin or outside the cell |
| Locomotion | Flagella and Cilia; pseudopodia (Ex: Amoeba) |
| Autotrophs (Ex: euglena with chloroplasts) | synthesize their own food from inorganic substances |
| Heterotrophs (ex: Rotifers) | eat other organisms. |
| asexual reproduction | two identical cells are produced (cellular fusion/ budding) |
| sexual reproduction | exchange and recombination of genetic material |
| PHYLUM: Euglenozoa (info) | move by flagella or psuedopodia. engulf smaller bacteria for food by phagocyosis. can be parasitic or free living |
| PHYLUM: Euglenozoa (Medical Relevance) | Trypanosomes (extracellular blood parasites). causes african sleeping sickness. 40,000 die/yr in Africa. Spread by the Tsetse fly. Enters brain & causes sleepiness and disorientation. |
| PHYLUM: Apicomplexa (info) | Apical complex at the anterior region of the organism. Rhoptries are structures that secrete proteins: enable organisms to penetrate host cells. all are parasites. |
| Plasmodium Life Cycle | 1. Mosquito bites human and infects vertebrate host with parasite. 2. Asexual reproduction in the liver. 3. Enters red blood cells. 4. parasite is ingested by female mosquito. 5. sexual reproduction inside mosquito |
| Which cellular organelle produces the cell's NRG? | a. lysosomes b. mitocondria c. ER d. golgi appara |
| Systematics is the science of classifying organisms based on | 1. location found 2. person who discovered them 3. number of organ-systems 5. evolutionary relationships |
| Directional selection | favors both extremes of a trait |
| Darwin's 1st law | Evolution: the living world is always changing; changes occur constantly. |
| Darwin's 2nd law | common descent: all forms of life descended from a common ancestor |
| Darwin's 3rd law | Multiplication of species: evolution produces new species by changing old species |
| Darwin's 4th law | Gradualism: Large differences in anatomical traits characterize species |
| Darwin's 5th law | Natural Selection: the process by which populations accumulate favorable traits that allow them to survive and reproduce in their environment. |
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layteenorkeh
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