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Microbiology Chap. 7
Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Differences between RNA & DNA | RNA=single strand. OH in RNA on Carbon #2. RNA can't bind thyamine. DNA=deoxyribone. RNA=ribose. Uracil (U) is used in RNA in place of thiamine(T). |
| the double helix | anti-parallel and complimentary |
| DNA base pairing | C--G G--C T--A A--T |
| Bacterial DNA | is tightly packed within a single chromosome |
| Prokaryotes have a ______ | Nucleoid (no membrane around it) |
| How many genes are in E.coli? | 4400 |
| Helicases | unwind & unzip |
| stabilizing proteins | separate |
| DNA polymerase III & I | fill in with new bases & proofread |
| Okazaki fragment | short strands of new DNA made on the replication fork only happens on lagging string |
| Stages of DNA replication | 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination |
| Where does Initiation happen | oriC (origin of replication) |
| Elongation | when enzymes synthesize a new strand to pair with each original strand |
| Insertion of complementary nucleotides on the template strand is carried out by ________ | the enzyme DNA polymerase III |
| Mutations | Mistakes that occur in DNA replication |
| DNA polymerase III | can move only in 3' to 5' direction, creating a leading strand and a laggin strand |
| the lagging strand is synthesized | in Okazaki fragments, which are joined by DNA ligase |
| Termination | when 2 DNA helices separate from each other |
| Terminator proteins | When the replication forks reach the termination point (terC), these block any further replication |
| Semiconservative replication | the pairing of one old strand with one new strand |
| DNA replication | 1 Double helix to 2 double helixes |
| how many strands is mRNA | only one |
| DNA | stores the code |
| mRNA | reads the code |
| protein synthesis | uses the code |
| the central dogma | identifies the flow of genetic information |
| DNA replication | produces more DNA |
| Transcription | uses DNA to produce RNA |
| Translation | uses RNA to link together amino acids |
| The order of the bases in the _____ specifies the order of the bases in the _____. | DNA/mRNA |
| The orders of the bases in the _____ specifies the order of the amino acids in a _____. | mRNA/a protein |
| Transcription | the process of copying genetic information stored in the DNA into RNA. |
| RNA polymerase | is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from the DNA template |
| mRNA | carries the info for determining the sequence of a protein |
| Transcribe DNA into mRNA | RNA DNA G-----C C-----G A-----T U-----A |
| DNA template strand | strand enzyme is reading |
| Three types of RNA result from transcription *mRNA (messenger RNA) *rRNA (ribosomal RNA) *tRNA (transfer RNA) | *mRNA - carries the genetic info for protein synthesis *RNA - is a component of the ribosome *tRNA - converts the genetic code into amino acids |
| Final step in decoding | *mRNA is translated into protein *Ribosomes "read" the mRNA in sets of 3 (a codon) |
| Some codons that differ in the third nucleotide can still code for the same amino acid - this is called "wobble" and provides | redundancy in the code |
| Definition of mutation | *spontaneous - natural *induced - deliberate *a permanent change in DNA (if mutation happens at DNA level) |
| Frequency of spontaneous mutation | 1 in 10^6 - 10^10 divisions of a microbial cell |
| Point mutations | affect one base pair in a gene |
| Base-pair substitution | 1. silent 2. missense 3. nonsense |
| Leading Strand | Daughter strand of DNA synthesized continuously toward the replication fork as a single long chain of nucleotides |
| Lagging Strand | Daughter strand of DNA synthesized in short segments that are later joined. Synthesis of lagging strand always moves away from the replication fork, and lags behind synthesis of the leading strand. |
| oriC | where it starts |
| Helicases | enzymes open DNA |
| Replication fork | where 2 strands are separating |
| DNA ligase | link the Okasaki fragments |
| DNA polymerase I (proofreading role) | goes along and makes sure everything pair right |
| mRNA | Form of ribonucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA to a ribosome / has info. reads in sets of 3 |
| Codon | triplet of mRNA nucleotides that codes for specific amino acids. |
| Redundancy | so multiple codons can be read for same amino acids |
| Ribozyme | RNA molecule functioning as an enzyme |
| Polyribosome | mRNA w/ a lot of ribosomes attached |
| termination factors | proteins that help re |
| vertical gene transfer (VGT) | the transfer of genetic material from parent cell to daughter cell |
| horizontal gene transfer (HGT) | the transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell |
| Mechanisms of Horizontal Gene Tranfer (ways can transfer genetic info from donor to recipient) | *Transformation *Conjugation *Transduction |
| Transformation | the uptake & expression of DNA in a recipient cell |
| Competence | the ability of a recipient cell to take up DNA from the envrionment |
| Conjugation | involves cell-to-cell contact for horizontal gene transfer *a donor cell (F+) transfers DNA directly to the recipient (F-) *Donor cell forms a conjugation pilus to make contact with the recipient *Conjugation also can transfer chromosomal DNA |
| Transduction | involves viruses in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) |
| In <b>transduction</b> | a virus <b> bacteriophage</b> carries a chromosomal DNA fragment from donor to recipient |
| (Transduction) Roles of Bacteriophage | Lytic cycle, virulent phages *destroy the host chromosome *replicate themselves *destroy the cell Lysogenic cycle, temperate phages *integrate their DNA into the host chromosome (as a prophage) |
| Virulent phages (lytic cycle) perform | generalized transduction *A fragment of host cell DNA ends up in the phage during packaging, which they transfer to a new host cell |
| lysogenic cycle, the prophage (temperate phage) | eventually excises itself from the host chromosome *Sometimes it takes a few nearby host genes & leaves a few phage genes behind <b>(specialized transduction)</b> |
Created by:
jklemz
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