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Evolutionary Thought
History of evolutionary thought
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define biological evolution | Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
| List 4 processes that result in evolution | Mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, artificial selection |
| How did Anaximander (610-546 BC) believe the first organisms were created? | They were spontaneously generated in water |
| How did Anaxminader believe humans were created? | Thought that humans were nested within outer shells of first organisms and "hatched" as independent beings |
| What was Anaxagoras' (500-428 BC) belief about origin of life? | Felt a perceptive spirit created life but did not direct future change |
| Democritus (500-404 BC) argued what? | Increasing orderliness of a system was a necessary byproduct of their smallest particles |
| Did the early Greek philosophers hold a teological view on the origins of different organisms? | No, they felt that the origin of different organisms was a necessary byproduct of material forces (no plans of gods needed) |
| What did the early Greek philosophers believe about the universe after the origin-phase? | The universe was in a steady state with little or no change. |
| Did Hippocrates (460-370 BC) place greater weight on observation or pure reasoning? | Observation was preferred and believed in inheritance of acquired characters, effects of use and disuse on heritable features and that climate caused differences in people. |
| What were the four Platonic dogmas? | A constant and unchanging eidos (essence), universe is an integrated harmonious whole, demi-urge spurred origin of living things, soul is separate from body |
| What was Anaxagoras' (500-428 BC) belief about origin of life? | Felt a perceptive spirit created life but did not direct future change |
| Democritus (500-404 BC) argued what? | Increasing orderliness of a system was a necessary byproduct of their smallest particles |
| Did the early Greek philosophers hold a teological view on the origins of different organisms? | No, they felt that the origin of different organisms was a necessary byproduct of material forces (no plans of gods needed) |
| What did the early Greek philosophers believe about the universe after the origin-phase? | The universe was in a steady state with little or no change. |
| Did Hippocrates (460-370 BC) place greater weight on observation or pure reasoning? | Observation was preferred and believed in inheritance of acquired characters, effects of use and disuse on heritable features and that climate caused differences in people. |
| What were the four Platonic dogmas? | A constant and unchanging eidos (essence), universe is an integrated harmonious whole, demi-urge spurred origin of living things, soul is separate from body |
| What were Aristotle's (384-322 BC) observations? | Noticed an evident gradation in relationships among natural things which he later converted into the "scala naturae" concept or Great Chain of Being. |
| What was wrong with Aristotle's idea? | His belief in a steady-state universe and eternal fixity of biological forms did not allow concept of biological change over time. |
| What were the two main elements of early Christian era? | Directional change in the universe (7 days of genesis) and a finite lifespan |
| Descartes (1596-1650) said what about evolution? | Given gods omnipotence, only perfection was created and therefore nothing could change that was already perfect |
| What two ideas by the 1600's had to be eradicated to allow evolutionary thinking? | The belief that the universe was designed by a divine creator, and the world was static after creation |
| Between 1600-1800 what observations contributed to evolutionary thinking? | Discovery of new plants, animals and human customs not mentioned in bible (specifically the flood story). Invention of telescope and microscope. |
| What were the early Greek thoughts on fossils? | Represented organisms left stranded during sea-level changes or spontaneously generated mineral reflections of life caused by creative germs (vis plastica) |
| What was the biblical idea on fossils? | They were individuals who had missed getting on the Ark and drowned |
| What were Niels Stensen's (1638-1686) two main ideas? | Thought glossopetrae were not petrified serpent tongues but instead fossilized shark teeth. Argued for principle of superposition |
| What did Leibniz (1646-1717) favour instead of Platonic essentialism? | Favoured continuous connectedness among things and a universe of optimistic progress where organisms had an inner drive towards betterment |
| What is the idea of plenitude? | All that is possible exists, without voids or gaps |
| Leibniz thought what of fossils of organisms that were no longer present? | They were earlier stages of organisms that currently existed |
| What were the 3 "scientific" attempts to explain extinction before Lamarck? | Killed during the Flood (why so many aquatic organisms?). Still alive but not yet discovered. Humans did it (Why no human fossils in every rock layer). |
| What did Lamarck (1744-1829) observe about extinct and extant mollusc shells? | Noticed a continuous series of gradually changing individuals arranged stratigraphically by age |
| What was Lamarck's explanation for extinction? | Extinct organisms evolved into something else in response to changing environment |
| What is the achilles heel of natural theology? | Even if God created a perfect organism, if it remain unchanged it would no longer be perfect due to a changing environment |
| In 1809 Lamarck published his theory of evolution. What were the main mechanisms Lamarck described? | Evolution by acquired characteristics. Heritable changes caused by use and disuse, physiological effects by environment and a natural internal tendency to become a "perfect" state |
| What two internal forces did Lamarck argue the existence for? | Le pouvoir de la vie: the complexifying force and L'influence des circonstances: adaptive force |
| Describe Lamarck's explanation for diversity and adaptation | Believed in multiple, separate generation events where morphology changes were passed on to offspring and most advanced organisms originated earlier |
| What was natural theology? | The demonstration of the benevolence of God as revealed by diversity, behavior and structure of different organisms |
| Why were theologians fearful of admitting other causes for diversity and adaptation? | Were afraid of a complete loss of morality of active hand of God removed |
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