Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
bio 122 3
chap 16 the lymphatic system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| when substances are exchanged with the blood and tissue fluid does more fluid leave the blood capillaries or return to them | leave |
| what is the excess fluid that leaves the blood capillaries called | lymph |
| what is the name for the fluid that is in the tissue | interstitial fluid |
| lymphatic pathways: where do they begin | in closed ended capillaries |
| lymphatic pathways: list the order that the lymph travels from lymph capillary to subclavian | capillaires; vessels; nodes; trunk; collecting duct; subclavian vein; now is called plasma! |
| lymphatic pathways: when the lymph empties into the subclavian vein its name changes to what | blood plamsa |
| lymphatic pathways: def of lymph capillaries; similar to what | close ended simple squamous epithelium; blood capillaires |
| lymphatic pathways: lymphatic vessel- def, do they have valves? why | large vessel structured like a vein; yes, there is no BP there so this controls the flows of lymph |
| lymphatic pathways: lymphatic trunk- def; they converge into what; they are named after what | these are vessels that drain into large areas of the body; collecting ducts; parts of the body they are located |
| are tissue fluid and lymph the same?; why? | yes; they are the same stuff just found in different places |
| tissue fluid: where does it come from | blood plasma which leaves the cappillaries as water and dissolved substances |
| tissue fluid: what substance always remains in the capillaries | large plasma proteins (globulins, albumins, fibronogens) |
| tissue fluid: what is important in osmotic pressure needed to move materials back into blood capillary | plasma proteins |
| tissue fluid: some small proteins are able to leave the blood capillary and enter the interstitial fluid creating its own _____ pressure; this pressure forces the tissue fluid where | osmotic pressure; lymph capillaries |
| tissue fluid: how is the epithelium of the lymph capillary unique | the cells overlap eachother and act like valves so fluid can be forces inside but once in the capillary it cannot leave |
| function of lymph | the lymph brings a lot of bacteria and other foreign material into the capillary |
| movement of lymph: lymph is controlled by what; the movement is similar to what other structure's movement | muscular activity (breathing muscles, contraction of larger vessels), veins |
| def of edema | acculilation of fluid in interstial space |
| lymph nodes: contain alot of what 2 things; structure; name the places they are located | macrophages and lymphocytes (they fight bacteria); hilum (like a kidney) where BV and nerves enter and leave, lymph vessels enter anywhere and leave at hiluml cervical; axillary, inguinal, pelvic, abdominal, thoracic |
| lymph nodes:what is the function | formation of lymphocytes and macrophages |
| what are the 2 lymph organs | thymus and spleen |
| thymus: it is largest when; smallest us: when; as the thymus ages the tissue is replaced by what | in children; adults; adipose orconnective tissue |
| thymus: it is divided into what; what type of WBC are located here | lobules; lymphocytes; |
| thymus: the lymphocytes develop into what; what is the name for the hormone that the thymus secretes; this hormone stimulates ____ to mature where | T cell lymphocytes; thymosin; stimulates the T-cells to mature outsite the thymus gland |
| what is the largest lymph organ | the spleen |
| spleen: what lobules are similar to what?; what are the lobules filled with what | the sinuses of the lymph nodes; blood instead of lymph |
| spleen: what are the 2 types of pulp | white and red |
| spleen: where does a fetus produce RBC? why | in the red pulp; a fetus does not have bone (hyaline cartilage) do that means no red bone marrow |
| body defense against infection: def of immunity | the body's defense mechanisms against pathogenic agents |
| nonspecific immunity : name the types | species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever |
| nonspecific immunity : what is the 1st line of defense | species resistance, mechanical barriers |
| nonspecific immunity : what is the 2nd line of defense | chemical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever |
| nonspecific immunity :def of chemical barriers; ex | enzymes are present in various body fluids that can destroy pathogens; pepsin in stomach, tears, interferons, densins |
| chemical barriers: def of interferons | a group of hormone like peptides produced by cells in response to the presence of viruses or certain tumors that interferes with the reproduction of a virus |
| chemical barriers: interferons stimulate what | phagocytosis and enhance the activity of cells that resist infections and the growth of tumors |
| chemical barriers: def of inflammation | tissue response to infection and injury helps prevent spread of pathogens |
| chemical barriers: def of fever | a nonspecific defense that begins as a viral or bacterial infection stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete a substance called interleukin; this increase temp |
| def of specific immunity | the resistance to specific pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by product, it involves lymphocytes and monocytes |
| antigens: early in life cells learn to identify self, so any that comes into the body is identified as what | nonself; |
| antigens: the T and B lymphocytes have what on their surface that do that | receptors that recognize the foreigners and initiate antibodies to destroy them |
| antigens: haptens- def; how are they able to initiate an immune response | molecules to small to initiate an immune response; they bind to a larger molecules that then will initiate the immune response |
| T lymphocytes aka | thymus derived lymphocytes |
| antibodies: def | antibodies are soluable globular proteins called immunoglobulins that account for the gamma globulins of plasma proteins- that light chains and heavy chains |
| antibodies: the light and heavy chains are made of what | amino acids |
| types of immunoglobulins: aka; name the five types; they are determined by what ; the type of immunoglobulin dermines what | antibodies; IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE; the amino acid sequence on its free end; how the antigen will be destroyed |
| allergic reaction: occurs when an abnormal amount of _____ are produced in response to what | antibodies; antigen |
| allergic reaction: the antibodies attach to what; and the secrete what; this causes what classic symptoms of an allergic reaction | the membrane of the mast cells and basophils; histamines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes; swollen tissue, contraction of bronchial tube; contraction of intestinal muscles; increased mucous production |
| allergic reaction: what stops the reaction before it becomes too severe | the suppressor T cells |
| tissue rejection reaction: the transplanted tissue is interpreted by the body as what; the body develops what reaction against the tissue; what reduces this reaction | a foreign antigen; immune reaction; close donor matches and immunosuppressive drugs |
| def of autoimmunity | when the immune system fails to distinguish self cells from nonself cells, the body's own immune system attacks and damages its tissues and organs |
| the epicardium has what other name | visceral pericardium |
| what layer of the heart secretes the serous fluid | the epicardium |
| lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid away from _______ and return it to __________ | the interstitial space; blood stream |
| def of patheogen | disease causing agents |
| the lymphatic capillaries parallel what other network | the blood capillaries |
| walls of lymphatic capillaries similar to what wall | blood capillaries |
| lacteal: where located; what is their function | the lining of the small intestines; absorbs digested fats then transports fats to venous circulation |
| lymphatic vessels similar to what | veins |
| lymphatic vessels: how many layers; do they have valves | 3; yes |
| lymphatic vessels: lead to specialized _____ | lymph nodes |
| lymphatic trunks: lumbar trunk- drains lymph from where | lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, pelvic organs |
| lymphatic trunks: intestinal trunk- drains lymph from where | abdominal viscera |
| lymphatic trunks: intercostal and bronchomediastinal trunk- drains lymph from where | portions of the thorax, |
| lymphatic trunks: subclavian trunk- drains lymph from where | upper limb |
| lymphatic trunks: jugular trunk- drains lymph from where | neck and head |
| collecting ducts: what are the 2 | thoracic and right lymphatic |
| collecting ducts: what one is largest | the thoracic |
| collecting ducts: thoracic duct- where is it located; empties where; drains whtat | abdomin and passes up through the diaphram; left subclavian; intestinal lumbar, intercostal trunks, left subclavian and jugular |
| collecting ducts: R lymphatic duct- where is it located; empties where; drains what | originates in R thorax at union of right jugular; R subclavian; from upper right side of the body |
| after leaving the 2 collecting ducts lymph enters ____ and becomes ______` | venous system; part of the plasma prior to blood returning to the R atrium |
| lymph formation depends on what other formation | tissue fluid formation |
| lymph formation: filtration from the plasma exceeds what; this increases the ______ pressure; this favors the tissue fluid to mvoe to where | reabsorption; tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure; favors tissue fluid movement to the lymphatic capillaries |
| lymph formation prevent what | excess tissue fluid accumulation or edema |
| lymph returns all small proteins that left the blood plasma to where | the blood stream |
| lymph capillaries: what is special about their epithelial cells | they overlap but are not attached to eachother |
| lymph capillaries: the overlap of the epithelial cells create a flap like valves in the capillary wall, these are pushed in when; but they close when | when the pressure is greater on the outside of the capillary ; close when the pressure is greater on the inside |
| what largely influnces the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels | muscular activity |
| does lymph have a low or high hydrostatic pressure | low |
| when does lymph flow peak ; why | during exercise ; due to the skeletal muscles and pressure changes associated with breathing |
| lymph nodes: aka; they contain a large number of what 2 things | lymph glands; lymphocytes and macrophages |
| structure of a lymph node: BV and nerves join it through where; lymph vessels join it where; where does BV lymph vessels and nerves leave | the hilum; the convex surface; the hilum |
| structure of a lymph node: what enclose eahc lymph node | a capsule of connective tissue with numerous fibers |
| structure of a lymph node: def lymph nodules ; these contain what | the node is partially subdived into these; masses of dividing lymphocytes and macrophages |
| structure of a lymph node: what is the structural unit of the lymph node | the lymph nodule |
| structure of a lymph node: why is a tonsil unique | it is composed partially of encapsulated lymph nodules |
| def of pyers patches; located where | aggregates of lymph nodules; mucous lining of the distal portion of the small intestines |
| lymph nodes: cervical- location | mandible, ears, deep with in the neck, along paths of larger vessels |
| lymph nodes: axillary- location | underarm region, drain mammary glands, thorax, and upper wall of abdomen |
| lymph nodes: supratrochlear- location | located superficially on the medial side of the elbow |
| lymph nodes: inguinal- location | receive lymph from the lower limbs, external genitals, lowe abdominal wall |
| lymph nodes: pelvic- location | they follow the iliac BV, receive lymph from the lymphatic vessels of the pelvic viscera |
| lymph nodes: abdominal- location | abdominal cavity, receive lymph from the abdominal viscera |
| lymph nodes: thoracic- location | present in the mediastinum, trachea and bonchi; receive lymph from he thoracic viscera |
| lymph nodes: what are the 2 primary functions | filtering potential harmful particles before returning the the bloodstream and monitoring body fluids immune surveilance |
| lymph nodes: what are the sites for lymphocyte production | red bone marrow and the lymph nodes |
| thymus: def | soft bilobed structure enclosed in a connective tissue capsule |
| spleen: location; why does it resemble a large lymph node | upper left portion of the abdominal cavity; it is enclosesed in a connective tissue capsule and is divided in lobules |
| spleen: with the chambers it is filled with what instead of lymph | blood |
| spleen: the red pulp contains numerous what | Red blood cells with many lymphocytes and macrophages |
| what do macrophages do | the engulf ad destroy foreign particles |
| the spleen filters blood just as much as what filters lymph | the lymph node |
| defense against infection: def of nonspecific defense | mechanisms that are quite general and protect against many types of pathogens, they function is the same way regardless of the invader that enters |
| defense against infection: def of specific defense ; aka | a more direct response carried out by a specialized lymphocyte that recognizes foreign molecules in body; immunity |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- species resistance- def; | a given kind of organism develops disease that are unique to it and it is resistant to diseases that affect other species b/c it is not right environment for disease |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- mechanical barriers: what are they; what do they do | skin mucous membrane; prevent the enterence of of some infectious agents |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- mechanical barriers: what happens as the skin sloughs off | it removes superficial bacteria with it |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- mechanical barriers: what does the fluid in the mucous membrane do | it washes away organisms before they become firmly attached |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- chemical barriers- def | enzymes in body fluid |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- chemical barrier- what does pepsin do | it has low pH due to presense of HCl the combined effect kills many pathogens |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- chemical barrier- what do the enzymes in tears do | this enzyme, lysozyme acts against certain bacteria on the eyes |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- natural killer cells- aka; def | NK cells; a small population of lymphocytes distinctly different from the lymphocytes that provide adaptive defense mechanisms |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- inflammation- what does it produce; what does the reddness result in; why do WBCs accululate at site; why does tissue fluid collect their; | localized rednnes, swelling, heat and pain; BV dilation that increases blood flow and volume with in the affected tissue; they help control pthogens; they contain fibrogens do form the meshwork |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- phagocytosis- what does it do; def of chemotaxis; | removes foreign particles from the lymph as it moves from the interstitial spaces to the blood stream; chemical released from injured tissue atract these cells |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- phagocytosis- what engulfs smaller particles; larger particeles | neutriphils; monocytes |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- fever- what does it do; what substance causes it | elevated body temp inhibits microbial growth and inreases phagocytic activity; interleukin-1 it raises the thermoregulatory set point in hypothalamus |
| defense against infection: nonspecific- fever- high body temp causes liver and spleen to stop producing what; this does what to bacteria | iron; iron is needed for bacteria as temp rises and with out it they die |
| defense against infection: specific- immunity- an immune response is based on what ; what are the particles called that initiate the immune response | the ability to distinguish self from nonself; antigens |
| defense against infection: specific- antigens- nonself is called what; what antigens are more likely to initiate an immune response | foreign antigens; large and complex with few repeating parts |
| defense against infection: specific- during fetal development percursers to lymphocytes are released from red bone marrow into what 2 places | thymus and stay in red bone marrow |
| defense against infection: specific- the percursers to lymphcytes that go the thymus specialize into what | T lymphocytes/ t cells |
| defense against infection: specific- the precursers to lymphcytes that remain in the red bone marrow develop into what | b lymphcytes |
| defense against infection: specific- what type of lymphocyte is 70-80% | the T lymphocytes |
| defense against infection: specific- how do T lymphocytes respond to an antigen; how do B lymphocytes respond to an antigen | attach to foreign antigen- bearing cells are have cell to cell contact; they divide and diffiantiate and produce antibodies |
| defense against infection: specific- the of cellular immune response | when the T cells interact and attach to the antigen directly |
| defense against infection: specific- where is the origin of undifferentiated cells | the red bone marrow |
| defense against infection: specific- def of helper t cell ; what happens once it is activated | it is activated whne its antigen receptor combines with displayed foreign antigen; the helper t cell stimulates the B cell to produce antibodies that are specific for that antigen |
| defense against infection: specific- what cell is the prime target for HIV | the CD4 |
| defense against infection: specific- tcells- what does the cytotoxic cell do | it recognizes nonself antigens that concerous cells or virally infected cells display .. . . more for cancer |
| defense against infection: specific- t cells- what does the memory t cell do | these cells remember that foreign antigen and they know how to respond the next time, an differiante into cytotoxic |
| defense against infection: specific- Bcells- when do they become activated | when it encounters an antigen whose molecular shape fits the shape of a B cells antigen receptor, then it divides |
| defense against infection: specific- antibody molecule- what does it look like; how many chains ; why are the heavy chains heavy | a y; four chains 2 heavy and 2 light; they constist of twice the amount of amino acids as the light ones |
| defense against infection: specific- antibodies- how do they react in a direct attack | the combine with antigens and cause them to clump or form insoluble substances |
| defense against infection: specific- immunoglbins- IgG- where is it found | plasma and tissue fluid |
| defense against infection: specific- immunoglbins- IgA- where is it found | exocrine gland secretions |
| defense against infection: specific- immunoglbins- IgM- where is it found | plasma |
| defense against infection: specific- immunoglbins- IgD- where is it found | surface of most B lymphocutes |
| defense against infection: specific- immunoglbins- IgE- where is it found | exocrine gland secretions |
| immune response- def of primary | plasma cells release antibodies into the lymphafter the B ad T cells become activated from an antigen |
| immune response- def of secondary | the memory cells in future on second exposure |
| classifications of immunity: naturally aquired active immunity | develops after a primary immune response and is a response to exposure to a live pathogen and develops s/s |
| classifications of immunity: artificially aquired active immunity | a vaccine w/ one glycoprotein from pathogen surface is enough for foreign antigen to alert the immune system, no s/s |
| classifications of immunity: artificially aquired passive immunity | an injection of antibodies or antitoxins, the recipients cells do not produce the antibodies |
| classifications of immunity: naturally aquired passive immunity | immunity from mom 6 months to a year after birth (blood and breast milk, does not develop immune response |
Created by:
jmkettel
Popular Biology sets