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BSCI 254: Exam 1
Neurobiology of Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuroethology | Interdisciplinary branch of Neuroscience that studies how the CNS translates biologically relevant stimuli into natural behaviors or behaviors generated through natural selection (mating, navigation, foraging, prey avoidance, locomotion). |
| Krogh's Principle | For any scientific problem there will be a biological "model species" where the question can be most easily studied. |
| Konrad Lorenz | Imprinting of Greyleg geese at a critical age to follow his rubber boots. (Imprinting becomes rewarding, making any behavior that brings the imprinting stimulus closer, a reinforcing behavior). Konrad is like COMRAD...friends follow...geese follow. |
| Behavioral Retention Across Evolution of Species | Dogs: walk in circles before settling down in bed (wolves walked in circles to flatten leaves, detect bugs). Cats: use paw to drink water (wild cats used paws to reach water in areas that the face was too wide to fit). |
| Fixed Action Pattern | Innate or instinctive chain of motor sequences that run to completion once initiated by an external sensory stimulus or "releaser." i.e. Goose rolling an egg back into its nest. |
| Stimuli Characteristics | Stimulus carries particular characteristics that are recognized by the animal and thus initiate the elicited response: color, location, direction of movement. |
| Code Breaking | Learning of stimulus cues by other animal, leading to the abuse of the cue for initiation of desired stimulus: laugh track, Warbler bird, coloration that elicits escape response of insects for feeding on them, rove beetle assuming ant posture for food. |
| Pavlovian Learning | Unconditioned stimulus (food) elicits unconditioned response (salivation). Neutral stimulus (bell) + unconditioned stimulus (food) = conditioned stimulus (bell) and conditioned response (salivation) |
| Siegel et al | Three groups of rats; 1: dextrose (quiet) + heroine (noisy), 2: dextrose (noisy) + heroine (quiet), 3: dextrose (quiet/noisy). Each group split into two, getting 15 mg/kg heroine in either noisy or quiet conditions. |
| Siegel et al | Those accustomed to heroine + noise, died when they received heroine + quiet, and visa versa. Change in environmental cue was paired with a change in the behavioral response. |
| Garcia Koelling (1966) | Two groups of mice both given sweet water, light, and noise. One group electrically shocked during drinking, second group induced nausea after drinking. Group1 refused water in presence of sound, group 2 refused drink after feeling nauseas. |
| Camilo Golgi | Proponent of reticular theory and inventor of the Golgi Silver Staining Method. |
| Reticular Theory | Continuous connections between cells in the brain. |
| Golgi Silver Stain | Use of silver to stain a random selection of neurons within a meshwork of neurons (unknown mechanism). |
| Nissl Stain | Colors only neuronal cell bodies. |
| Santiago Ramon y Cajal | Founder of the Neuron Doctrine (separate cells) and extensive user of the golgi stain--created outline of neuronal connections in the brain off of his examination of neural tissue with the golgi stain. |
| Electron Microscope | Electron ray projected through a tissue resting on a copper grid, image projected onto a visualizing surface. Allowed to view neuronal junctions and confirmation of the neuronal doctrine (rejection of Golgi's reticular theory). |
| Neurons | anatomically and electrically polar. Consist of axon, cell body and dendrites. |
| Afferent | Primary neuron that brings sensory information into the CNS. |
| Efferent | Neuron that carries information out of the CNS to motor neurons and muscle cells. |
| Nucleus | Cluster of neurons within the central nervous system. |
| Ganglion | Cluster of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. |
| Schwann Cells | Glial cells of the peripheral nervous system that wrap themselves fully around neuronal axons, insulating their membranes and increasing the speed of signal transduction. |
| Oligodendrocytes | Glial cells within the CNS that have several "arms" and wrap around several surrounding neuronal axons, functioning as insulators of the membrane. |
| Relative Ion Concentrations | [K] inside 20 : [K] outside 1 [Na] inside 1 : [Na] outside 10 [Ca] inside 1 : [Ca] outside 10,000 |
| Electrical Synapse | Occur at gap junctions between cells where the current can flow directly from the axoplams of one cell to the cytoplasm of the next (does not have the "recharging" advantage at the next cell--action potential not regenerated). |
| Chemical Synapse | Release of neurotransmitter at synapse that then bind to receptors (usually ligand-gated ion channels) on second neuron, passing along the signal and propagating the action potential. |
| Neurotransmitter Molecules | Glutamate--excitatory NT that binds to ligand gated Na channels. Acetylcholine--excitatory (neuromuscular junctions), inhibitory (heart). GABA--inhibitory NT binds to ligand gated Cl channels to cause hyperpolarization. |
| Neuromuscular Junction | hardly receives IPSP and is a very reliable synapse (post-synaptic potential almost always results in action potential propagation. |
| Temporal Summation | post synaptic potentials at the same site on a dendrite (from the same pre-synaptic cell) sum up as a function of time. |
| Spatial Summation | different axon-dendrite synapses transmit post-synaptic potentials in the same region. Post symnaptic potential can be summed together. |
| Acetylcholine | inhibitory in the heart (slows pace of heart down) excitatory in the neuromuscular junctions degraded by acetylcholinesterase (when blocked by neurotoxin, causes inability to degrade acetylcholine and causes neuron to become desensitized to high levels |
| Lazzaro Spallazani (late 1700s) | First indications of echolocation in bats. Compared bats to owls flying in dark and in light. Blinded bats still able to fly. Technology not available to confirm hypothesis. |
| Charles Jurine | Followed Spallazani and showed that bats with plugged ears were not able to navigate well. |
| Donald Griffith & Robert Gallambo (Harvard--1938) | Used newly developed sonic detector to amplify ultrasound, and coining the term echolocation |
| Human Ear vs. Bat Ear | human ear can hear from 20-20,000 Hz while the bat ear can hear from 1,000-120,000 Hz. |
| Nubuo Suga | Discovered features of Mustached bat CF-FM call and the flow of information from the bat auditory system to the neocortex. |
| Insect Wing Beat Cycle | 50 beats per second --> 1 cycle per 20 msec = the duration of a bat call component |
| Wing beat cycle and Doppler shift | vertical/horizontal wings = no shift. Moving down above body or up bellow body = (+) shift. Moving up above body or down bellow body = (-) shift. |
| Bat detection of wing beat | Bat analyses the 2nd harmonic CF frequency echoes for small changes in frequency due to doppler shifts caused by beating wings. |
| Tuning curve | Receptive field for a particular neuron. The frequencies and amplitudes to which it responds. Frequency recognized at lowest amplitude is called the characteristic frequency. Bat tuning curve is the sharpest known tuning curve in the animal kingdom. |
| Doppler shift compensation | downward shift of pulse in order to receive the echo within the acoustic fovea range. Faster flying velocity, the lower the pulse must be shifted to compensate for the higher shift in returning echo. |
| Auditory Pathway | ear --> auditory nerve (cranial nerve 8) --> spiral ganglion --> cochlear nucleus --> L and R auditory information combine --> superior colliculus --> medial geniculate --> A1. |
| Neocortex | 6 layered sheet of neural tissue found in all mammalian brains and the final destination for many sensory neurons. |
| Kenneth Roeder | observed that moths take sudden evasive maneuvers in response to approaching bats. Wet washcloth thrown at moths--no response. Ultrasound generator--directional avoidance (low intensity sound) and evasive maneuver (high intensity sound). |
| William Conner | Tiger moths and ultrasonic jamming defenses |
| Asher Treat | Moth ear mites |
| Passive electroreception | Detection of naturally occurring electric fields in the environment by the use of ampullary organs. Usually used in predation. Tuned to very low frequencies to be able to detect the slight electric field that all living cells generate in salt water. |
| Active electroreception | animals generate their own electric field (EOD) that they then use to probe the environment for other electric fields that cause distortions in their own. Tuberous receptors (rather than ampullary organs) are used to detect their own electric fields. |
| Stefano Lorenzini (1678) | Studied what are today called ampullary organs. Noted small pores around the snout of a shark that led to long transport tubes filled with a crystalline gel. Deep within the head, the tubes congregated into large masses of clear jelly (ampullae) |
| Ampullae of Lorenzini | electrosensory organs that allow for the sensation of weak electric fields in the water. Current flows into skin surface pores and is conducted through very well-insulated gel-filled tubes to the bulb-shaped ampullae. |
| Ampullae of Lorenzini | unmyelinated nerve fibers extend into the ampullae and detect changes in membrane potential (gel potential vs inner body voltage), detecting the presence of electric fields. |
| Torpedo | Legendary electric fish that was used to study electric currents |
| Parker (1917) | Discovery of the lateral line system by studying blind catfish and their responses to underwater movements coming from different directions. Touched fish with plastic pipe: no. Metal pipe: response. insulated metal pipe: no. Detection of galvonic field. |
| Lateral Line | Organ that extends horizontally along the surface of the skin (gills to tail) and detects slight water movements through hair cell projections (neuromasts) covered in jelly-like barrel (cupola) |
| Neuromast | clusters of hair cells along the lateral line (covered by cupola) that act as water senors for movements in water. |
| R.W. Murray (1960) | Ampullae neuron firing pattern changed with intensity and polarity of electric field |
| Ad Kalmijn | Used electronic amplifier to show that animals produced a bioelectric field: fish under sand, fish in agarose, chopped fish in agarose, fish in agarose and plastic, electrodes in sand, electrodes vs chopped fish. |
| Series vs Parallel electrocytes | Electric eels have electrocyte series where as the elephant nosed fish has both series and parallel electrocytes. Series increases the voltage while parallel increases the current. |
| Merkel Cell | slowly adapting oval-shaped receptor of light touch and shape/texture discrimination. Associated with nerve endings (merkel cell neurite complexes/nerve endings). Small receptive fields. Remain aware of a book resting on your lap. |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | Rapidly adapting oval-shaped receptors, covered in layers of connective tissue separated by gelatinous material. Designed to sense vibrations, changes in pressure, rough/smooth surfaces. Fire upon changes in pressure (beginning and end) not throughout. |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | Large receptive field and extremely sensitive to vibrations (optimal freq. 300 Hz). |
| Meissner Corpuscle | Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor that is sensitive to light touch (optimal sensitivity for vibrations between 30-50 Hz). Less sensitive but more in number than pacinian corpuscles. |
| Hair Follicle receptors | Rapidly adapting receptors that sense changes in hair position |
| Ruffini Endings (bulbous corpuscle) | Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors found bellow the skin layer, in the dermal region. Sensitive to stretching or movement of objects across the skin, as well as movement of the joints. |
| Touch receptor pathway | periphery --> afferent fiber --> primary afferent neuron --> dorsal root axon --> dorsal column nuclei --> gracile nucleus (lower body)/cuneate nucleus (face) in medulla --> medial lemniscus (crossover) --> thalamic nuclei --> cerebral cortex. |
| Pain/Temperature receptor pathway | periphery --> afferent fiber --> primary afferent neuron --> dorsal root axon (crossover) --> lateral spinothalamic tract --> through medulla --> thalamic nuclei --> cerebral cortex. |
| Ventral Posteriolateral Nuclei (VPL) | sensory information from the body coming from the medulla. |
| Ventral posteriomedial Nuclei | sensory information from the face coming from the trigeminal nuclei. |
| Brown Sequard Syndrome | lasceration of 1/2 the spinal column causing loss of temperature/pain sensitivity on one side and loss of touch sensation on the opposite side (due to the delayed crossover of the touch sensory neurons). |
Created by:
volnyns
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