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Biotest 09/23
Non-Vascular and Seedless Vascular Plants
| Side 1 | Side 2 |
|---|---|
| Alternation of Generations | sporophyte produces spores, which develop into gametophytes which produce gametes that fertilize into zygotes that develop into sporophytes |
| Gametophyte | haploid cycle |
| Sporophyte | diploid cycle |
| spores | reproductive cells that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell |
| Bryophyte Gametophyte | larger and longer living than sporophytes |
| protonema | mass of green branched one-cell fillaments. enhances absorption. Protonema bud to produce gametophores which collectively make up the gametophyte |
| Rhizoid | long tubular cells (in liverworts and hornworts) that anchor the bryophyte. |
| foot | absorbs nutrients from gametophtye , embedded in the achegonium |
| seta | stalk, conducts nutrients to the sporangium |
| sporangium | also called capsule, produces spores by meiosis |
| calyptra | cap of gametophtye tissue that protects the young capsule. shed when the capsule is mature |
| peristome | ring of toothlike structures on the upper part of the capsule |
| stomata | specialized ports found in hornworts and mosses , support photosynthesis |
| Bryophyte Sperm | swim through water film to eggs. |
| placental transfer cells | transports nutrients to embryos as they develop into sporophytes |
| Gametangia | archegonia and antheridia |
| Bryophyte Sexuality | most mosses have separate male and female gametophytes, some bryophytes are bisexual |
| Bryophyte Sporophyte | remain attached to their parent gametophyte, from which they absorb nutrients |
| Bryophyte Life Cycle Domination??? | Gametophyte dominant |
| Bryophyte Eggs | eggs remain in archegonia |
| Liverworts | tree like gametophytes with microscopic sporophytes |
| Hornworts | resembles grass blade, sporophyte at tip of horn |
| Ecological Importance of Moss | can survive dry habitats and absorb radiation |
| Peat | partially decayed organic material, formed by Sphagum or "peat Moss" |
| Importance of Peat | helps to stabilize global CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, harvested as fuel, used as soil conditioner |
| Traits of Vascular Plants | dominant sporophytes, vascular tissue, evolution of roots and leaves, sporophylls and spore variations |
| Pterophyte Life cycle | sporangia release spores, develops into bisexual gametophyte, egg and sperm develop, sperm move to achegonia, zygote develops into sporophyte and grows out of gametophyte, sporangia grow on underside of sporophyte |
| Pterophyte Gametophytes | grow at or just below the surface of the soil |
| Pterophyte Sporophyte | larger and more complex than gametophyte |
| Lignin | polymer used to strengthen cell walls, allowing for upward growth |
| Evolution of roots | from subterranean stems |
| Evolution of leaves | Microphylls - small, spine shaped leaves with a single vein; Megaphylls - leaves with highly branched vascular system |
| Sporophylls | modified leaves that bear sporangia |
| Sori | clusters of sporangia found on ferns |
| Strobili | cones formed by groups of sporophylls |
| Homosporus | one type of sporophyll producing one type of spore, developing into a bisexual gametophyte |
| Heterosporus | two types of sporophylls producing two types of spores |
| Megaspores | produce female gametophyte |
| Microspores | develop into male gametophytes |
| Phylum Lycophyta | club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts (tropical trees, temperate forest floors) |
| Phylum Pterophyta | Ferns, Horsetails, Wisk Ferns |
| Significance of seedless vascular plants | formed the first forests, evolution of leaves led to acceleration of photosynthesis removing CO2 from the air causing global cooling, turned into peat which turned into coal |
| Plant timeline | 1.2 billion- thin coating of cyanobacteria, 500 million - plants arrive on shore, |
| Importance of Land Plants | allowed other living things to survive on land, supply oxygen and provide food |
| Traits Shared with Charophyceans | rosette cellulose synthesizing complexes, peroxisome enzymes, flagellated sperm, phragmoplast, |
| Rosettte Cellulose - Synthesizing compounds | arrays of proteins that produce cellulose microfibrills of cell walls |
| Peroxisome Enzymes | minimize loss of organic products during photorespiration |
| Phragmoplast | alignment of cytoskeletal elements along the midline of a dividing cell |
| Land Adaptions of Charophyceans | hard layer of sporopollenin which keeps zygotes from drying out, natural selection, helped land plants to live permanently out of water |
| Land Adaptaions (other notes) | sunlight, CO2, rich soil allowed plants to survive and reproduce on land |
| Dispute over plant/algae boundary | tradition = embryophytes, some think that charophyceans should be included (streptophyta), some think chlorophytes should be included (viridiplantae) |
| traits in plants but not charophyceans (derived traits) | apical meristems, alternation of generations,walled spores, multicellular gametangia, multicellular dependent embryos |
| Other traits of land plants | cuticle; secondary compounds: products of side branches off metabolic pathways |
Created by:
jcm1994
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