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whaley2
botany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| WHAT DOES THE CUTICLE DO | PREVENT DESICCATION |
| what have plants evolved from? | ancient green algae |
| plants require what for the production of carbohydrates during photosynthesis | carbon dioxide |
| what is a stoma | tiny spore in land plant tissues which allow them to obtain carbon dioxide from atmosphere through diffusion |
| what is gametangia | plant sex organs |
| what is archegonium | femlae sex organs |
| what is antheridium | male sex organs |
| in plants, the production of fertilization develops into a multicellular embryo within the what? | archegonium |
| haploid part of the plant life cycle is known as? | gametophyte generation |
| diploid part of the plant life cycle is known as? | sporophyte generation |
| bryophytes include | mosses, liverworts, and hornworts |
| what does xylem do | allows water and mineral conduction |
| what does phloem do | allows food conduction |
| bryophytes and ferns reproduce by? | spores |
| flowering plants produce seeds that are enclosed in what? | fruit |
| what does a capsule contain | sporogenous cells |
| rhizoids | rootlike structure |
| thallus | flattened lobed leaflike structure |
| liverwort reproduction | sexually and asexually |
| four phylums which are non-vascular ferns | ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails, club mosses |
| homospory | lifecycle that produce only one type of spore, result of meiosis |
| heterospory | lifecycle that produce two different types of spores as a result of meiosis |
| saprotroph | lives off dead organic material |
| symbiont | 2 organisms living in close contact |
| fungal parasites | absorb food from the living body of a host. one is benefited and one is harmed |
| fungal mutualists | some fungi absorb food from a living host but make a contribution to it's hosts well being in return. both benifit |
| mycorrhizae | fungus root |
| fungal habitat | moist habitat |
| chitin | polymer containing subunits of the nitrogen-containing sugar glucosamine. in fungal cell walls that makes them more resistant to harsh environments, such as variant ph, temp and osmotic pressure, than bacteria |
| molds | multicellular fungi, consist of fungi |
| examples of molds | mildews, rusts, smuts, and mushrooms |
| hypae | long branched threads |
| septa | cross walls in hapae |
| coenoytic | hypae that lack septa |
| dikaryotic | hypae that contains two distinct, unfused nuclei within each cell |
| monokaryotic | hypae contain only one haploid nucleus per cell |
| how do fungi reproduce | by spores by sexually or asexaully |
| what are the three major phyla of fungi | zygomygota, ascomycota, basidiomycota |
| germinates means | begins to grow |
| fruiting bodies | large complex reproductive structures from arieal hypae |
| example of zygomycota | rhizopus- black bread mold |
| sporangia | spore sacs |
| what are sporangia filled with | asexual sores |
| heterothallic | two differet mating types as designated by a plus and a minus sign. mycelium is self-sterile |
| asci | little sacs the sexual pores of ascomycetes are produced |
| conidia | asexual spores of ascomycetes |
| conidiophores | specialized hypae that produce conidia at the tips |
| homothallic | self-fertile and two hypae from the same organism have the ability to reproduce sexually |
| ascocarp | a fruiting body formed from a dikaryotic hypae, asci develop here |
| how does yeast reproduce | seuxally reproduction or asexually by budding and fission |
| button | compact masses of hypae that develop along the mycelium |
| what does the mushroom body consist of | stalk and a cap |
| gills | thin perpindicular plates exteding out radially from the stalk |
| basidium | club shaped hyphal cells which develop on the gills |
| basidiospores | form at the ends of the basidium |
| lichen | symbiotic association between a phototrophic and a fungus |
| types of phototrophs in lichens | freeliving; green algae or cyanobacteria |
| types of fungi in lichens | obligatge symbiant; ascomycete or basidiomycete |
| forms of lichen | crustose foliose fruticose |
| crustose | flat and grow tightly to a substrate |
| foliose | leaf-like lobes, do not grow so tightly to substrate |
| fruticose | shrubby hair-like apparence |
| soredia | small bits of lichen |
| how do lichens reprodcuce | fragmentation |
| gymnosperms | naked seeds |
| angiosperms | flowering plants surrounded by a fruit |
| heterosporous | produce two types of sppores, microspores and megaspores |
| vascuar seedless, gymnosperm phylums? | conifers ginkgos cycads gnetophytes |
| monoecious | seperate male and female reproductive parts in defferent locations on the same plant |
| fertilization in gymnospermns takes how long? | one year following following pollination |
| cycads | have motile sperm which is vestige, the pollen is carried by air, dioecious |
| ginkgos | vestigial flagellated sperm and dioecious. seeds completetly exposed |
| xylem | cotains vessels, makes water conduction more efficient |
| phloem | contains seive tube members, conducts carbohydrates |
| angiosperms lifecycle | double fertilization |
| monocot | herbaceous, parallel venation, flower parts in mulitples of three |
| eudicot | either herbacous or woody, netted venation, flower parts in multiples of four or five |
| flower organs | sepals, petals, stamens, carpels |
| a complete flower | all four flower organs |
| incomplete flower | lacks one of the fower organs |
| stamens | male reproductive parts |
| carpels | female reproductive parts |
| perfect | a flower posses both the stamen and the carpel |
| imperfect | a flower either stamen, or carpels but not both |
| sepals | lowermost green leaft life structruces, protect the flower when its still a bud |
| corolla | all the petals |
| filment | stalk of the stamen |
| anther | saclike structe of the stamen |
| stigma | uppermost portion of the carpel |
| style | a stalk below the stigma where the pollen tube most grow |
| ovary | at the base of the carpel |
| ovules | in the ovary, contains the female gametophyte |
| pistil | fused carpals |
| fruit | protects seeds from desiccation and aides it in the dispersal of seeds |
| plasmodial slime mold | fungus like protist, composed of hypae, have flagella and cell walls lack cellulose |
| plasmodium | body of the plasmodial slime mold or organism that causes malaria |
| sporozites | haploid cells entered into human liver by blood and divide by mitosis to produce haploid merozites |
| merozites | inhabit RBC and form haploid gametocytes |
| gaemetocytes | transfered to uninfected mosquito when biting a human |
| describe fungal spores | nonmotile and must be dispersed by wind or animals, ususally produced on aerial hupae |
| aerial hypae | project up into the air above the food source |
| are funal cells dipoid or haploid? | diploid |
| sexual spores of zygomycota are called | zygospores |
| asexual spores of zygomycota are called | sporangia |
| describe the structure of zygomycota | heterothallic coenytic hypae |
| heterthallic | two different mating types are designated with a plus and a minue not a male and a femlae, only a biochemical difference. |
| are ascomycetes heterothallic or homothallic? | both; they are self fertile and two hypae from the same organism have the ability to reproduce sexually |
| primary mycelium | contains monokaryotic cells with a haploid nucleus |
| secondary mycelium | when two primary hypae of different mating type grow togetherand fuse; dikaryotic |
| similarities between plants and green algae | both contain same photosynthetic pigments, store excess carbs in starch,cellulose in cell wall and for a cell plate in cytokinesis |
| differences between plants and green aglae | algae do not containa cuticle, plants require CO2 for the preoduction of carohydrates during photosynthesis- contain a stomata, plants contain lignin, plants have multicellular gametangia and the embryo develops in a pretected environment |
| similarities between plants and green algae | both contain same photosynthetic pigments, store excess carbs in starch,cellulose in cell wall and for a cell plate in cytokinesis |
| differences between plants and green aglae | algae do not containa cuticle, plants require CO2 for the preoduction of carohydrates during photosynthesis- contain a stomata, plants contain lignin, plants have multicellular gametangia and the embryo develops in a pretected environment |
| describe the structure of moss | rhizoids and blades |
| sporophyte plant of ferns | roots rhizomes fronds fiddle heads |
| gametophyte plant of ferns | prothallus including rhizoids anthridia and archegonia |
| wiskferns | primitive due to dichotomus branching, only stem is vascular, and the prothallus is not photosynthetic |
| horsetails | forms spores in a cone like strobilus and coarse fibers at the end if the stem |
| club mosses | a transition species to seed plants since they exhibit heterspory |
| 3 characteristics of seed plants | vascular tissue, alternation of generation, and heterospory |
| why are seeds superior to spores | 1. seeds contain a multicellular well-developed young plant with an embryonic root. 2. seeds contain a food supply for the developing embryo |
| evergreen | do not shed leaves in cold weather months |
| needles | a leaf with an elongated structure |
| cones | where reproductive parts are born |
| structure of conifer | needles, cones and monoecious |
| how does the nonmotile sperm affect the pine life cycle | the nonflagellated sperm eliminate the need for water as a transport medium during fertilization |
| cycads | dioecious with a flagellated sperm and thought to be primitive |
| ginkoes | dioecious with flagellated sperm and no cones and thought to be the most primative |
| gnetophytes | has vessels and cones that form flower-like clusters and is most advanced gymnosperm |
| 3 main characteristics that differ angiosperms from other phylum | fruits and flowers, vessels and seive tube members, double-fertilization |
| pollination | when pollen grains are transfered from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or different flowers of the same species |
| self-pollination | pollination occurs within the same flower or a different flower in the same plant |
| cross-pollinatioon | pollen grains are transferred to a flower on another plant |
| suspensor | multicellular structure that anchors the embryo and aids in nutrient uptake from the endosperm |
| srtuctures in mature embryo | suspensor, embryonic root, root apical meristem, stem apical meristem, embryonic shoot, and cotyledons |
| four types of fruit | simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory |
| simple fruit | develop from a single ovary of a single flower, includes fleshy, pods, the thick tissue, and fruits |
| aggregate fruit | come from multiple ovaries from a single flower ex. raspberries and blackberries |
| multiple fruit | comes from multiple ovaries from multiple flowers ex. pinapples |
| accesory fruit | the fruit is composed of the ovary and the accessory structres such as the receptacles(stawberries and apples) or the floral tube(pear) |
| vegetative propagation | the vegatative parts of the plants form offspring, instead of the flowers seeds, and the fruits |
| rhizome | horizontal underground stem that contains scalelike leaves, buds, nodes, and internodes. ex. grass |
| tuber | underground stem where new plants emerge from the eyes ex. potatoes |
| bulbs | shortened underground stem with fleshy storage leaves; daughter bulbs become seperate plants. ex. tulips |
| stolon | horizontal stem that grows above ground ex. strawberry |
| suckers | grows roots ar its base and becomes an independent plant when parent dies ex. fruit plants |
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BreezyBoo
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