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Biology 102 Unit 1
Bio 102 Unit 1 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biology? | The study of life. |
| What are the seven properties that distinguish the living from nonliving things on Earth? | Order, Regulation, Growth & Development, Energy Utilization, Response to Environment, Reproduction, Evolution |
| What is evolution? | Populations changing over time. |
| What is natural selection? | Differential reproductive survival and reproduction of certain individuals over others in a population (survival of the fittest). |
| What is the unifying theme of biology? How does it unify the field? | Evolution; Helped understand the tree of life & the related groups w/in it, Darwin’s publication fueled an explosion in biological research & knowledge that continues today, helped us understanding living things better |
| What steps do scientists take to solve problems within the field of biology? | Observation, Prediction, Testing, Interpret, Communicate. (OPTIC; scientific method) |
| What are the three levels of ecology? | Population, community, ecosystem. |
| What are the three kinds of dispersion patterns in populations? | Clumped, uniform, and random. |
| What is the difference between exponential and logistic growth? | Exponential-population growth under ideal and unregulated conditions (J-shaped); Logistic-Population growth slowed by limited factors, most common in nature (S-shaped) |
| What is the difference between density dependent and density independent limiting factors? | Dependent-dependent on # of population, effects intensify as population grows (limits food/space); Independent-unrelated to # of population (flood,fire,etc.) |
| How is the human population growing today? What does this look like for the future? | Exponentially; the future looks as though the population will continue to grow, birth rates are up and death rates are down |
| What are four key features of a community? | Species diversity, prevalent form of vegetation, community stability, trophic structure. |
| What does the competitive exclusion principle state? | 2 species CANNOT share an identical niche in the same community. |
| Give examples of adaptations that make predators more successful at catching prey or prey more successful at escape. | Behavioral adaptations: time of day for hunting, behaviors to attract prey (pack hunting), fleeing; Structural adaptations: sensory organs (teeth, claws, jaws, stingers), camouflage; Physiological adaptations: chemical toxins, poisons |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Give an example of each. | Primary: starts w/virtually lifeless area w/no soil (new island forming); Secondary: starts w/area w/soil left intact (fire) |
| What is the difference between energy flow and chemical cycling? | Energy flow-passage of energy thru ecosystem (sunlight); Chemical cycling-use and reuse of elements (water cycle) |
| Why are food chains only reach about five levels? | The energy becomes ineffective after too many trophic levels. |
| What is the difference between food chains and webs? Draw some examples. | Food chain-sequence of energy from one trophic level to another; Food webs-2 or more food chains interlinked, attempt to represent the energy flow for entire ecosystem |
| What are the main chemical cycles looked at in class and problems associated with them? | Phosphorous-sewage/fertilizers increase P can lead to eutrophication in lakes/streams; Carbon-increased burning of fossil fuels/wood increased CO2 contributes to global warming; Nitrogen-same as P; Water-water vapor less, irrigation issues, acid rain |
| What are the main biomes on Earth and their distinguishing factors? | Freshwater-standing water(lakes/ponds) or flowing water(rivers/streams); Marine-oceanic biomes; Terrestrial- land bound |
| How are the chemical cycles impacted by humans? | Phosphorous-sewage/fertilizers increase P can lead to eutrophication in lakes/streams; Carbon-increased burning of fossil fuels/wood increased CO2 contributes to global warming; Nitrogen-same as P; Water-water vapor less, irrigation issues, acid rain |
| Why do introduced species matter? | They disrupt their new communities and can lead to extinction of native inhabitants. |
| Who is most impacted by toxins in the food chain? | The highest trophic level in a food chain. |
| What are the three causes for the biodiversity crisis? | Habitat destruction, introduced species, and over-exploitation. |
| What are some conservation solutions to specific environmental problems? | Protect biodiversity hot spots, stop habitat fragmentation (fish ladders,etc), Endangered Species Act, and sustainable development. |
| How can you make a difference about the biodiversity crisis? | Reduce consumption, be more energy efficient, promote recycling, take political action, promote research and education, think long‐term |
| What is the difference between Lamark’s view and Darwin’s view of evolution? | Lamark-thought individuals could evolve over their lifetime and pass it to offspring; Darwin-species evolve over time |
| What are the assumptions to Darwin’s theory of natural selection? | Decent with modification, adaptation, populations change over time. |
| What is the evidence for evolution? | Fossil Record, Biogeography, Comparative Anatomy, Comparative Embryology, Molecular Biology (DNA/Protein Sequences) |
| What are the sources of genetic variation in populations? | Mutation, jumping genes, sexual recombination, or crossing over. |
| What are the mechanisms for evolution based on H‐W Equilibrium? | Very large population, no gene flow, no mutations, random mating, no natural selection. |
| What is the difference between macroevolution and microevolution? | Macro-evolution at or above the species level; micro-evolution of a population over time |
| Describe some examples of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers. | Prezygotic-temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation; post-hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown |
| What are three important events on the Geologic Time Scale? | Origin of Earth is 4.6 BYA Oldest Fossils of Prokaryotes = 3.5 BYA Oldest Fossils of Eukaryotes = 2.2 BYA |
| What are the three domains of life? | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| What is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells? | Prokayotic have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelle, while Eukaryotic do. |
| When were the first prokaryotes found on Earth? | 3.8 BYA |
| What are the two Domains of prokaryotes? | Bacteria and Archaea |
| How do scientists think prokaryotes evolved from inorganic materials? | 1. Abiotic molecules form organic building blocks, 2. Organic molecules form polymers, 3. Origin of self-replicating molecules, 4. Formation of pre-cells w/membranes |
| Describe how eukaryotes formed from prokaryotes. | Endosymbiosis theory-one prok. engulfed another, one lived in another eventually becoming an organelle |
| What are some examples from the five supergroups of protists? | Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, Chromalveolata, Excavata, Unikonta |
| What adaptations help plants exist away from water? | Roots, shoots, stomata, cuticle, liguin, vascular tissue, gametes, pollen, zygote. |
| What adaptations help fungi exist away from water? | |
| Describe the traits of the four groups of land plants and give examples. | Bryophytes (moss), ferns (fiddleheads), gymnosperms (pine tree), angiosperms (bleeding hearts, daisies, etc.) |
| Describe the traits of the five groups of fungi and give examples. | Chytridiomycota (flagella), Zygomycota (bread mold), Glomeromycota (mutualistic fungus/plant root), Ascomycota (yeast), Basidiomycota (mushrooms). |
| How are plants and fungi important to you? | Produce food, oxygen, medicine, etc. |
| What types of traits distinguish the different groups of vertebrates? | Head/Cranium formation, Jaw Formation, Bone Formation, Swim Bladder & Lung Formation, Leg Formation, Amniotic Egg Formation, Mammary Gland Formation |
| What group of primates is most closely related to humans? | Apes |
| What traits do we share with our primate relatives? | Agile & sensitive hands, Fingernails, Enhanced depth perception, Excellent hand‐eye coordination, Parental care |
| Did humans walk upright or make tools and art first? | Walk upright. |
| What has allowed humans to be so successful? | Cultural Evolution: Art, Tools, Communities of people, Agriculture, Industrial Revolution, & Language Evolution |
| What traits do all animals have? | Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophs by Ingestion, Most reproduce sexually, Early Development controlled by Hox Genes |
| What types of traits are used to differentiate between the animal groups? | No True Tissues or True Tissues; Type of Symmetry; Coelom, Pseudocoelom, Acoelom; Deuterostome or Protostome Development; Body Plan Adaptations |
| Describe the nine phyla of animals. | Sponges, Cnidarians, Mollusks, Flatworms, Annelids, Roundworms, Arthropods,Echinoderms, Chordate |
| Give examples of animals you know in each of the nine phyla discussed in class. | Sponges (sea sponges), Cnidarians (jellyfish), Mollusks (clams), Flatworms (tapeworms), Annelids (leeches), Roundworms (hookworms), Arthropods (arachnids), Echinoderms (sea stars), Chordate (humans). |
| Define Ecology | Study of interactions between organisms and their environments |
| Define Species | Group of populations with similar characteristics and ability to interbreed. |
| Define Population | Group of individuals of one species living in same area @ same time |
| Define Community | All organisms in a given area interacting. |
| Define Ecosystem | All living and nonliving factors in a given area |
| Define Abiotic Factors | Nonliving factor of an ecosystem (air, water, light, etc) |
| Define Biotic Factors | Living component of a community |
| Define Population Density | # of individuals of a species per unit area |
| Define Dispersion pattern | Way individuals are spaced w/in a given area |
| Define Carrying Capacity | Max. population size that an environment can sustain |
| Define Limiting Factors | Environmental factor that controls # of individuals in a habitat |
| Define Species Diversity | Variety of species that make up a community |
| Define Species Richness & Abundance | Total # of different species in a community and amount of species |
| Define Interspecific Competition | Competition between populations of 2 or more species that require similar limited resources |
| Define Predation | Interaction between species in which one species kills and eats another |
| Define Cryptic Coloration | Adaptive coloration that makes an organism difficult to spot |
| Define Batesian Mimicry | Harmless species mimics harmful one |
| Define Mullerian Mimicry | 2 harmful species look similar |
| Define Symbiotic Relationships | Interactions between 2+ species that live together in direct contact |
| Define Mutualism | Both partners benefit |
| Define Parasitism | Parasite obtains nutrients from host |
| Define Competitive Exclusion Principle | Populations of 2 species CANNOT coexist in community w/same niche |
| Define Niche | Area of a species or population w/in a community/ecosystem |
| Define Adaptations | Traits that help an organism survive better |
| Define Succession | Process of community change |
| Define Trophic Levels | Different levels of a food chain |
| Define Food Chains | Sequence of energy transfers between trophic levels |
| Define Food Webs | Interconnected food chains, to explain the energy flow of an entire ecosystem |
| Define Producers/Autotrophs | Organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2, water, and other inorganic raw materials. |
| Define Consumers/Heterotrophs | Get energy from consuming plants/animals |
| Define Energy Pyramid | Illustrates loss of energy with each transfer |
| Define Abiotic Reservoirs | Part of ecosystem where a chemical accumulates or is stockpiled outside of living organisms |
| Define Local and Global Cycling | Local-chemicals don't contain a gaseous state and not very mobile; global-chemicals with gaseous state |
| Define Biomes | major type of ecosystem that covers large geographic regions |
| Define Introduced Species | Species brought over into a new environment |
| Define Global Warming | increase of CO2 due to burning fossil fuels |
| Define Acid Rain | Sulfur oxides from burning fossil fuels lead to acid in the water |
| Define Eutrophication | Water bodies receive excess nutrients that stimulate plant growth, killing organisms |
| Define Biological Magnification | Accumulation of persistent chemicals in the living tissues of consumers in food chains |
| Define Ozone Depletion | destruction of the ozone by CFCs that reduce our protection from radiation |
| Define Biodiversity Crisis | Biodiversity threats: diversity of ecosystems, variety of species, genetic variation |
| Define Biodiversity Hot‐spots | Small are w/exceptional concentration of species |
| Define Habitat Fragmentation | Splitting and isolation of populations from each other |
| Define Endangered Species Act | List of species endangered and threatened in attempts to save from extinction |
| Define Sustainable Development | Using natural spaces so that humans can get what they need w/o damaging the ecosystems |
| Define Natural Selection | survival of the fittest |
| Define Descent with Modification | All things came from one thing and diversified over time |
| Define Law of Superposition | deeper layers have older fossils, younger as go up |
| Define Radiometric Dating | Method of determining the age of fossils and rocks from the ratio of a radioactive isotope to the nonradioactive isotopes of the same element |
| Define Homologous Structures | Share ancestor |
| Define Analogous Structures | don't share ancestor, but look the same |
| Define Vestigial Structures | had function before, no use now (appendix) |
| Define Mutations | changes to DNA |
| Define H‐W Equilibrium | if population is in H-W Equilibrium the population is NOT evolving so the allele frequencies are not changing |
| Define Gene Flow | Populations may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move into/out of populations |
| Define Bottleneck Effect | genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size |
| Define Founder Effect | genetic drift resulting from the establishment of a small, new population whose gene pool differs from parent population |
| Define Genetic Drift | change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| Define Biological Species Concept | Population whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| Define Reproductive Barriers | barriers that isolate gene pools between species |
| Define Prezygotic Barriers | Prevents mating or hinders egg fertilization |
| Define Postzygotic Barriers | if interspecies mating occurs and forms a hybrid zygote |
| Define Speciation | formation of a new species |
| Define Allopatric Speciation | geographic barrier physically separates a population |
| Define Sympatric Speciation | Population splinters w/o a geographic barrier |
| Define Geologic Time Scale | Time scale that reflects consistent sequence of geologic periods |
| Define Taxonomy | branch of bio concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species |
| Define Phylogeny | shows evolutionary history of a species |
| Define Phylogenic Tree | diagram showing how a group of species are related in evolutionary history |
| Define Clade | one ancestor and all its decedents |
| Define Cell | basic unit of life, simplest thing can take away while life remains |
| Define Prokaryotes | cells w/o nucleus or membrane-bound organelle |
| Define Eukaryotes | cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelle |
| Define Three Shapes of Prokaryotes | Circle (cocci), Rod (bacilli), and S-Shaped (spiral) |
| Define Flagella | Long appendage that propels protists thru the water and moves fluids across the surface of many tissue cells in animals |
| Define Endospores | Thick-coated, protective cell produced w/in a prokaryotic cell exposed to harsh conditions |
| Define Bioremedition | use of living organisms to detox and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems |
| Define Theory of Endosymbiosis | One prokaryote engulfed another one, lived in another eventually becoming an organism |
| Define Protists | any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus |
| Define Land Plants | Eukaryotic, multicellular, land-dwelling plant |
| Define Sporophyte | multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations |
| Define Gametophyte | multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations |
| Define Gametes | sex cell (sperm or egg) |
| Define Vascular Tissue | plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body |
| Define Seed | plant embryo packaged w/a food supply w/in a protective covering |
| Define Pollen | protective packet to transfer sperm and protect from drying out |
| Define Flower | short stem w/four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction |
| Define Fruit | ripened, thickened ovary of a flower,which protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal |
| Define Double Fertilization | formation of both a zygote and a cell w/a triploid nucleus, which develops into the endosperm |
| Define Fungi | Eukaryote that digests its food externally and absorbs the resulting small nutrient molecules |
| Define Hyphae/Mycelium | Hyphae-One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus, mycelium-the densely branched network of hyphae |
| Define Lichen | mutually beneficial symmbiotic association between a fungus and an alga/cyanobacterium |
| Define Mycorrhizae | mutually beneficial symbiotic association of a plant root and fungus |
| Define Chordate/Traits | animal w/dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail |
| Define Tunicates & Lancelets | no head/cranium, no backbone |
| Define Hagfishes | have head/cranium, no backbone |
| Define Cartilaginous fishes | Sharks, Skates & Rays: Have Head/Cranium, Have Backbone, Have Jaws, Have Lateral Line (sensory organs) |
| Define Bony Fishes | Have Head/Cranium, Have Backbone, Have Jaws, Have Lateral Line, Have Boney Skeleton, Operculum, Swim Bladders (keeps buoyant) |
| Define Amphibians | Frogs & Salamanders: Have Head/Cranium, Have Backbone, Have Jaws, Have Legs, Have Gills/Lungs, Eggs develop inside water, Ectotherms |
| Define Amniotic Egg | help protect embryo from drying out on land |
| Define Reptiles | Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, Crocodiles & Alligators: Have Head/Cranium, Have Backbone, Have Jaws, Have Legs, Have Lungs, Have amniotic eggs, Have scaled waterproof skin, Ectotherms |
| Define Mammals | Monotremes, Marsupials & Eutherians: Have Head/Cranium, Have Backbone, Have Jaws, Have Legs, Endotherms, Few Eggs/Most Placenta, Milk/Mammary Glands, Fur |
| Define Endoderms/Ectoderms | Ectotherms: use heat from sun rather than breaking down food to warm bodies; Endotherms: use heat from metabolism or breaking down food to maintain constant body temperature |
| Define Hominins | members of the human family |
| Define Australopithecus afarensis | 4 MYA, bipedal |
| Define Homo habilis | Enlarged braincase, “Handy‐man”, Tools, 2.4 MY |
| Define Homo erectus | Extends humanity’s range, Taller, Resided in huts/caves, built fires, made clothes & designed tools, 1.8 MYA |
| Define Homo neanderthal | Face features differed, Enlarged brains, Toolmakers, burials & rituals, Lived 200,000 YA to 30,000 YA, Lived near Homo sapiens |
| Define Homo sapiens | Date from ~160,000 YA to present, DNA suggests these close to today’s humans, Different brows/faces from others, Slender, Moved and settled new areas |
| Define Hox Genes | group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of an organism |
| Define Tissues | integrated group of similar cells that perform a specific function w/in a multicellular organism |
| Define Radial Symmetry | arrangement of body parts of an organism like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis |
| Define Bilateral Symmetry | arrangement of body parts such that an organism can be divided equally by a single cut passing longitudinally through it |
| Define Protostome | clade of animals |
| Define Deuterostome | superphylum of animals |
| Define Coelom, Pseudocoelom, acoelom | coelom-body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm; pseudocoelom-body cavity not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm; acoelom-no body cavity |
| Define Endoskeleton | hard interior skeleton located w/in the soft tissues of an animal |
| Define Exoskeleton | hard external skeleton that protects an animal and provides points of attachment for muscles |
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