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Capter 56&57
Honors Biology II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aquifiers | 97% of underground freshwater supplies |
| Nitrogen Cycle step 1. | Nitrogen fixation |
| Nitrogen Cycle step 2. | Nitrification |
| Nitrogen Cycle step 3. | Ammonification |
| Nitrogen Cycle step 4. | Denitrification |
| nitrogen fixation | gaseous form (N2) turned into mineral form (usuually ammonia) |
| Nitrification | conversion of ammonia to nitrate, form of nitrogen for plants to assimilate into their amino acids |
| Ammonification | amino acids + decomposers -> Ammonia -> nitrates |
| denitrification | Nitrates converted back into free nitrogen in atmosphere NO3 + denitrifying bacteria -> N2 |
| Carbon cycle | fixed through photosynthesis, and released by respiration |
| CO2 | makes up only 0.03% of atmosphere cause its consumed really fast |
| Phosphorus Cycle | Tends to be limiting factor (ex. algal blooms!) Does not have gas phase, its fairly insoluable, and the major reserve of phosphorous is the earths crust found as PO4->(in) ATP, NADPH, nucleic acids, cell membranes |
| Thermodynamic Laws | 1. energy cannot be created nor destroyed in Biosphere 2. partial conversion to heat is inevitable |
| Autotrophs | use energy from Abiotic source(nonliving) synthesize organic compounds from inorganic: ex. co2, h20, no3 |
| primary producers | all autotrophs in system |
| photoautotrophs | use light as source of energy |
| chemoautotrophs | obtain energy by inorganic oxidation reactions |
| Heterotrophs | cannot synthesize organic compounds, so they liberate chemical-bond energy (consumer) |
| Primary Consumer | eats primary producers ( Herbivores) |
| Secondary | includes carnivores and omnivores |
| carnivores | only eat other animals |
| Omnivores | eat plants and animals |
| Detrivores | are decomposers, microbes, that feed on dead organic matter, and break up dead organic mattter |
| Productivity | rate at which organisms in trophic levels collectively synthesize new organic material |
| Primary Productivity | comes from primary producers |
| Gross productivity | total organic matter produced by photosynthetic organisms |
| Net | amount of organic matter available to heterotrophs |
| Secondary productivity | rate of biomass production by heterotrophs |
| Biomass | weight of the "dried" bodies of living organisms (water is not part of living system) |
| Trophic Efficiency | transfer of energy through trophic levels |
| Potential energy transferred per trophic level | 10%, because most of energy is lost as heat and most of energy is used by body for biological processes |
| Top-down | Trophic cascade, - process by which efforts exerted at an upper trophic leevel flow down to influence two or morel level |
| Bottom-up | from primary producers to higher levels |
| Biomagnification | toxins building up in tissues as we go up a food chain |
| Species Richness | actual nummber of species present in a community |
| stability | constant in composition and able to resist disturbance |
| Influenced by ecosystem characteristics: primary productivity | there is not a linear relationship, too low-few herbivores, too high-too many herbivores -> overgrazing |
| Influenced by ecosystem characteristics: Habitats | Heterogenous abiotic environments, suppoerts more diversity |
| Influenced by ecosystem characteristics: Climate | Coexist in seasonal environment, -stable environment->support specialized species->but difficult to predict |
| Island Biogeography | species-area relationships, balance between colonization and extinction, and Island size and distance affect colonization and extinction |
| Species-area relationship | Large islands have more species than smaller |
| Individualistic communities | community is nothing more than an aggregation of species that coexist in one place |
| Holistic | community is an integrated unit |
| fluid communities | abundances of species in community changes geographically in a synchronous pattern |
| Ecotone | places where environment changes abruptly |
| Edge Effect | Greater variety of species near borders due to more niches |
| Niche | sum total of all the ways an organism uses resources of its environment |
| Fundamental niche | entire niche a species is capable of using (applies to some species) |
| Realized Niche | Actual niche the species occupies (applies to Most species) |
| Niche Overlap | realized niche cannot overlap too much cause if its too close only one group wins |
| Competitive exclusion | no two species occupy same niche indefinitely when resources are limiting |
| Resource partitioning | subdividing the niche |
| Character displacement | either competition will cause extinction or natural selection will partition to reduce competition |
| sympatric species | species that occur together |
| allopatric species | species that live separate |
Created by:
sonic7emeral
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