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Ch.2&3 Bio test
biologyyyy crap
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functional groups? | carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, methyl, phosphate |
| what does the carboxyl group look like? | COOH |
| what does the amino group look like? | NH2 |
| what does the hydroxyl group look like? | OH |
| what does the methyl group look like? | CH3 |
| What does phosphate look like? | PO4 |
| Why is carbon so versatile? | it has four electrions in its outershell, letting it have a covalent bond with up to 4 other atoms |
| Whats an organic molecule? | has a carbon skeleton bonded to some hydrogen atoms. |
| Whats an inorganic molecule? | lack hydrogen and have carbon dioxide |
| why are functional groups important? | they determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of a molecule |
| Whats a monomer? | small organic molecules that are joined to form larger molecules |
| what are polymers? | chains of monomers |
| what happens to fit polymers together? | dehydration synthesis |
| how do you break down polymers? | hydrolisis |
| what are carbs? | molecules made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1) |
| what is the primary monomer of carbs? | glucose |
| what are the subgroups of carbs? | monosaccharides-monomers disacharides-2 monomers polysacccharides-polymers |
| different polymers of glucose differ how? | in the way the glucose molecules are positioned |
| What does hydrophilic mean? | combines with water |
| what does hydrophobic mean? | doesnt bond with water |
| how are polar and nonpolar related to hydrophilic and hydrophobic? | polar-bonds with water(hydrophilic) nonpolar-insoluble in water(hydrophobic) |
| what are the subunits of most lipids? | glycerol and fatty acids |
| what are the subtypes of lipids? | triglyceride, wax, phospholipid, steroid |
| what is the structure of a triglyceride and what does it do? | 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, energy storage in animals and some plants |
| what is the structure of waxes and whats its function? | fatty acids bonded to a long chain of alcohol |
| what is the structure of a phospholipid? | polar phosphate group, 2 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, component of cell membrane |
| what is the structure of a steroid? | 4 fusing rings of carbon atoms with functional groups attached-gives cell membrane stability |
| what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated? | saturated-carbons joined by single bonds unsaturated-double bonds with carbons |
| what are proteins? | molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids |
| what are the 6 different functions of proteins? | structural, movement, defense, storage, signaling, catalyizing reactions |
| what are the monomers of all proteins? | amino acids |
| whats a peptide bond and how does it form? | its a covalent bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next amino acid |
| what is the primary structure of a protein? | the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
| what is the secondary structure of a protein? | maintained by hydrogen bonds, pleating, coiling |
| what is the tertiary structure of a protein? | folds determined by interactions of the amino acid functional groups |
| what is the quaternary structure of a protein? | individual polypeptides linked together for specific functions, disulfide bonds hold it together |
| what does denatured mean? | when the secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures are altered but the primary structures intact |
| what are nucleotides? | molecules with a 3 part structure-phosphate gorup, 5 carbon sugar, N base |
| what is ATP? | a ribose nucleotide w/ 4 phosphate groups that carries energy from place to place within a cell |
| what does dna do? | carry genetic info |
| whats the function of rna? | direct synthesis of protein |
| what are the monomers of DNA and RNA? | nucleotides |
| how do u simply figure out the number of neutrons in the atom? | atomic mass-protons=neutrons |
| of what value are radioactive isotopes? | biological processes |
| whats an isotope? | atoms with different numbers of neutrons from the same element |
| what does inert mean? | atom wont react with other atoms when outershell is full |
| define cohesion | when hydrogen bonds break and reform |
| whats adhesion? | tendency to stick to surfaces |
| whats surface tension? | tendency for the water surface to be broken |
| whats an acid | releases H ions when in water |
| what does a base do? | combines with H ions |
| whats a buffer? | compound that mantains a solution at its constant pH |
| whats specific heat? | energy required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C |
| heat of fusion is what? | energy that must be removed from a compound to transform it from a liquid to a solid at its freezing temp. |
| why doesnt oil mix with water? | less dense than water, hydrophobic |
| why is it important for cells to maintain a pH within a narrow range? | small changes in pH cause drastic changes in the structure and function of biological molecules |
| what happens when 2 monosacharides bond? | disachiride and water |
| what happens when a glycerol and 3 fatty acids combine? | a triglyceride and water form |
| when 2 amino acids combine what happens? | a dipeptide and water form |
| whats an anobolic reaction? | building a bigger molecule |
| whats an endergonic reaction? | storing energy in the bigger molecule |
| whats a catabolic reaction? | larger molecule is broken down |
| whats an exergonic reaction? | energy's released when the bigger molecule breaks apart |
| whats the backbone of a protein made of? | Nitrogen and Carbon |
| do sulfuric covalent bonds help stabilize the structure? | yes |
| secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structrures are stabilized how? | hydrogen bonds, peptide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, sulfur to sulfur covalent bonds |
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