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pearson_micro_Ch01
pearson microbiology Bauman Chap 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek | began making and using simple microscopes; observed microbes (wee animalcules); father of microbiology; examined pond water |
| Francesco Redi | used meat experiment with maggots to begin showing spontaneous generation wasn't true. |
| John Needham | seemed to help prove the case for spontaneous generation by heating nutrient broth and pouring it into covered flasks (developed microbial growth) he claimed that the "vital force" had been destroyed by the heating |
| Lazzaro Spallanzani | he showed that broth that was heated after being put into a sealed flask did not develop microbial growth. |
| Louis Pasteur | Supported Germ Theory of disease; Microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter (even in air); Spontaneous generation disproved; Heat can destroy ; microbes(pasteurization); rabies vaccine |
| Robert Koch | Developed pure culture techniques for growing bacteria in the lab; Proved Germ theory using B. anthracis; |
| Kosh Postulates | Isolate the suspected agent from disease vitcim. Grow agent in pure culture. Infect new host showing the organism produces the classic clinical case. Isolate same organism from new victim. |
| Hans Christian Gram | developed first gram stain |
| Ignaz Semmelweiss | Suspected doctors/midwives were transmitting disease. Insisted on hand washing. Viciously criticized Died in exile and shame |
| Joseph Lister | practices antiseptic surgery using phenol (carbolic acid) |
| Florence Nightingale | Set standards for hospital cleanliness |
| John Snow | Cholera and study of epidemiology |
| Edward Jenner | used first scientific vaccination (small Pox) |
| Carolus Linnaeus | Current system of taxonomy |
| Alexander Fleming | Discovered fungi produced penicillin which killed bacteria |
| Paul Ehrlich | Researched chemicals to fight pathogens Chemotherapy for diseases like sleeping sickness and syphilis |
| Watson and Crick | discovered the structure of DNA |
| Robert Hooke | First to use the term "cell" . Stated that when looking at a cell through a microscope it looked like a prison or cell. Also observed hairy mold. |
| Areas in Microbiology | Immunology, public health, epidemiology, food and dairy microbiology, agricultural microbiology, biotechnology, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology and industrial microbiology |
| Algology | Study of algae |
| Virology | Study of viruses |
| Epidemiology | Study of the frequency, distribution and spread of disease |
| Etiology | Study of the causes of disease |
| Immunology | Study of the body's defenses against specific diseases |
| Microbiology | Is a natural science (the study of nature) An area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification |
| Mycology | Study of fungi |
| Parasitology | Study of parasitic protozoa and parasitic animals |
| Phycology | Study of algae |
| Protozoology | Study of protista |
| Serology | Study of antibodies in blood serum, particularly as an indicator of infection |
| Environmental microbiology | Study of relationships between microbes, and among microbes, other organisms, and their environment |
| Bacteriology | Study of Bacteria |
| Microbial metabolism | Study of biochemistry: chemical reactions within cells |
| Microbial genetics | Study of functions of DNA and RNA |
| Infection control | Study of hygiene in health care settings and control of nosocomial infections |
| Chemotherapy | The development and use of drugs to treat infectious diseases |
| Bioremediation | Study of the use of microbes to control insect pests |
| Public health microbiology | Study of sewage treatement, water purification and control of insects that spread disease |
| Agricultural microbiology | Study of the use of microbes to control insect pests |
| Pharmaceutical microbiology | Study of manufacture of vaccines and antibiotics |
| Recombinant DNA technology | Study of alteration of microbial genes to synthesize useful products |
| Molecular Biology | Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. |
| Six basic categories of microorganisms | Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and small multicellular animals (worms); viruses |
| Prokaryotes | Unicellular and no nucleus, lots of species, 2 classes: bacteria & archea, no organelles except ribosomes, peptidoglycan cell walls, reproduce by binary fission. |
| Archaea | Kingdom Archaebacteria, domain which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that have distinctive cell membranes and cell walls (Archaeabacteria) |
| The 3 main domains of living things | Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya |
| Fungi | Eukaryotic, multicelluar, differ from animals because of cell walls, many species only few are actually described, they are decomposers. Two classes: Molds & Yeasts |
| Two types of fungi | Mold and Yeast |
| Example of Fungi-mold | Penicillium chrysogenum |
| Fungi- Mold reproduction | sexually and asexually by spores |
| Fungi-Yeast reproduction | budding and sometimes sexual spores |
| Example of Fungi-yeast | Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida Albicans |
| Protozoa | eukaryote, locomotive through flagella, cilia or pseudopodia, unicellular |
| Algae | photosynthetic multi or unicellular, examples: spirogyra and diatom |
| Spontaneous generation | living organisms can arise from nonliving matter Ex: Moist soil toads, snakes, mice |
| Example of protozoa | Amoeba proteus |
| another word for spontaneous generation? | abiogenesis |
| antibiotics | a type of products produced by bacteria and fungi |
| characteristics of algae - 3 | unicellular or multicellular; photosynthetic; simple reproductive structures |
| characteristics of archaea cell walls? | cells walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan |
| characteristics of bacteria cell walls? | cells walls contain peptidoglycan; some lack cell walls |
| characteristics of fungi - 3 | 1. eukaryotic; 2. obtain food from other organisms; 3. possess cell walls |
| characteristics of molds - 3 | multicellular; have hyphae; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores |
| characteristics of yeasts - 3 | unicellular; some reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores |
| Decomposers | Importance function of microbes. They break things down. |
| Endospore bacteria examples | Closteridium tetani, Clostridum botulinum,Bacillus anthracis. Single bacillus shape. |
| how are algae categorized? | based on pigmentation, storage products and composition of cell wall |
| how are living bacteria, fungi and algae used in bioremediation? | to detoxify the polluted environment |
| how are protozoa similar to animals? | in nutrient needs and cellular structure |
| how are viruses seen? why? | only by using an electron microscope because they are so small |
| how did the study of biochemistry begin? | with Pasteur's work on fermentation and Buchner's discovery of enzymes in yeast extract |
| how do bacteria and archaea reproduce? | asexually |
| how do protozoa move? | pseudopodia, cilia, flagella |
| how do protozoa reproduce? | mostly asexual; some sexual |
| how is bacteria differentiated? | Gram-positive or Gram-negative |
| Industrial uses of microbes (non-food) | Antibiotics, HGH, Insulin, laundry enzymes, vitamins, diatomaceous earth, pest control chemicals, drain opener |
| Industrial Uses of Microbes/Foods & Beverages | Product or Process of foods and beverages such as cheese, alcholic beverages, soy sauce, vinegar, yogurt, sour cream, artificial sweetener and bread |
| Pathogen | Microorganism that causes disease |
| Scientific Method | a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions |
| Taxonomy | The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships. Related to evolution. |
| The main character of algae is that algae is able to do.... | photosynthesis |
| Two classes of fungi | molds & yeasts |
| Two classes of Prokaryotes | bacteria & archea |
| Two classes of Protista | Protozoa & Algae |
| Two classes of viruses | DNA & RNA |
| What are the four major groups of microorganisms? | Protista, Fungi, Prokaryote and Virus |
| what are the six categories of Leeuwenhoek's microorganisms? | fungi, protozoa, algae, bacteria, archaea, small animals |
| What are the terms that explains study of the following organisms? Study of fungi? Study of Algae? | Mycology, Phycology or Algology |
| what are the two types of bacteria and archaea? | bacteria and archaea |
| what did Aristotle propose? | spontaneous generation |
| what did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty determine? | genes are contained in molecules of DNA |
| what did Beadle and Tatum establish? | gene's activity is related to protein function |
| what did critics of Spallanzani's experiments say? | that sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive and that prolonged heat destroyed "life force" |
| what did Kluyver and van Niel do? | used microbes as model systems for biochemical reactions |
| what did Koch, Pasteur and other prove? | that pathogens cause infectious diseases |
| what did microbial genetics look into? | translation of genetic information into protein; rates and mechanisms of genetic mutation; control of genetic expression by cells |
| what did molecular biology look into? | cell function at the molecular level; genome sequencing; cat-scratch fever caused by unculturable organism |
| what did Needham's studies reinforce? | the idea that animals could not arise spontanously, but microbes could |
| what did Pasteur and Buchner's study of fermentation lead to? | fields of industrial microbiology (biotechnology), biochemistry, and the study of metabolism |
| what did Pasteur's experiments reveal? | 1. when "swan necked flasks" remained upright, no microbial growth appeared; 2. when the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck seeped back into the flask and made the infusion cloudy with microbes within a day |
| what did Pauling propose that gene sequences could do? | 1. provide understanding of evolutionary relationships and processes; 2. establish taxonomic categories that reflect these relationships; 3. identify existence of microbes that have never been cultured |
| What did Redi's experiments reveal? - 3 | 1. When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed; 2. meat exposed to flies was soon infested with maggots; 3. people began to doubt Aristotle's theory of spontaneous generation |
| what did Spallanzani's experiments conclude? - 3 | 1. that Needham failed to heaat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes or had not sealed vials tightly enough; 2. that microorganisms exist in the air and can contaminate experiments; 3. that spontaneous generation of microorganisms does not occur |
| what did Woese determine? | cells belong to bacteria, archaea or eukaryotes |
| what is immunology? who began its study? | 1. the study of the body's defense agains specific pathogens; Jenner's use of cowpox-based vaccine for preventing smallbox |
| what is microbial genetics? | the study of inheritance in microorganisms |
| what is molecular biology? | investigation of cell function at the molecular level |
| what is recombinant DNA technology responsible for? | 1. genes in microbes, plants and animals manipulated for practical applications; 2. production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli to aid hemophiliacs |
| what is spontaneous generation? | living things can arise from nonliving matter |
| what is taxonomic system? | system naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together |
| what is the idea that pathogens cause infectious diseases referred to as? | germ theory of disease (Pasteur) |
| what is the smallest microbe? | virus |
| what laid the foundation for chemotherapy? | Ehrlich's search for "magic bullets", chemicals that differentially kill microorganisms |
| what led to study of the cause of fermentation? | spoiled wine threatened livlihood of vintners, compelling them to fund research into how to promote production of alcohol but prevent spoilage by acid during fermentation |
| what practical applications are related to biochemistry? - 4 | 1. design of herbicides and pesticides; 2. diagnosis of illnesses and monitoring of patients' responses to treatment; 3. treatment of metabolic diseases; 4. drug design |
| what remains the accepted sequence of study today? | scientific method |
| what type of cells are bacteria and archaea composed of? | unicellular; lacking nuclei (much smaller than eukaryotes) |
| what type of cells are protozoa? | single-celled eukaryotes (have membrane-bound nucleus) |
| what was first disease proven to be bacterial in origin? | Anthrax (Koch) |
| what were organisms discovered by Leewenhoek called at end of 19th century? | microorganisms |
| what were the beliefs about fermentation? | that air caused fermentation reactions or that living organisms caused fermentation |
| where are bacteria and archaea found/ | everywhere there is sufficient moisture (in most communities and habitats); some are found in extreme environments |
| Who developed taxonomic system? | Linnaeus |
| who discovered Aseptic Techniques? | Pasteur. Used to prevent the contamination by unwanted microorganisms |
| who discovered penicillin? | Fleming |
| who discovered sulfa drugs? | Domagk |
| Who is Christian Gram? | developed procedure of the Gram stain in 1870s - still used today |
| Who is the "Father of Microbiology and Protozoology"? | Leeuwenhoek |
| who is the Father of Microbiology? | Pasteur |
| who significantly advanced the field of immunology? | Pasteur |
| who's investigations are the foundation upon which infection control and epidemiology are built? | Semmelweis, Lister, Nightingale and Snow |
| why are plantlike eukaryotic algae important? | 1. important providers of oxygen; 2. serve as food for many marine animals; 3. make chemicals used in microbiological growth media |
| Among the 4 major groups of microorganisms? Which on is not considered as a "living organism" Why is that so? | Virus, because it must have a host cell to live and reproduce |
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hkrawietz
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