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BI 121 chpt 3 -Cells
GRCC BI 121 - chapter 3 cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the basic living unit of living things? | The cell |
| All organisms are composed of one or more ______? | Cells |
| All cells arise from? | Pre-existing cells |
| Cell Theory | 1) basic unit of living things 2) All organisms composed of one or more cells 3) All cells arise from existing cells |
| In contrast to the cell theory | protein, organelles are not living. |
| Primary Cell structure | Plasma membrane, membrane structure, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycoproteins |
| Primary Cell structure: Plasma membrane | The boundary between the internal and external environment. |
| regulates what enters and leaves the cell. | Primary Cell structure: Plasma membrane function |
| The membrane is fluid, and allowing to move around. | think pool filled with volleyballs....move them around but doesn't change the number of volleyballs, their structure, etc. |
| Primary Cell structure: Lipid bi-layer | two layers of lipid molecules. |
| Cell membrane is composed of | Lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. |
| Frameworks of cell membrane made of phospholipid molecules. | Liquid bi-layer of the cell membrane |
| Tails of phospholipids inside cell membrane | water insoluble part of cell membrane lipid bilayer made of fatty acids- make them impearable to |
| Phospholipids are molecules whose heads are hydropholic | water loving |
| Phospholipids tails are Hydrophobic | Water hating |
| Lipds are nonpolar and therefore | do not dissolve in water |
| Since lipids don't dissolve in water, then the membrane can form | a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. |
| The liquid bilayer is in | constant motion |
| What floats within the cell membrane? | proteins and other molecules |
| Integral proteins | Float through the entire membrane and provide channel passageways for molecules in & out of cells membranes. |
| Peripheral proteins | A protein that floats at the surface of the membrane acts as an enzyme and signals transmission. |
| Glycoproteins | Peripheral proteins that function in cell recognition |
| A sugar protein, known as self recognition, enable cell to recognize foreign cells | Glycoproteins |
| This type of protein is important in relation to the lymphatic and reproduction system | Glyco protein which is part of the peripheral protein. |
| Detects viruses, fungus, etc | Glycoproteins detects foreign cells |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions | Tight, Gap and desmosomes |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions: tight | Cells that are "zippered" together to PREVENT movement of extracellular materials |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions: Tight examples | epithelium of the gut; brain barrier (blood brain barrier) |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions: Gap | ALLOWS for INTERcellular movement of material |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions: gap examples | Myocardium |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions: desmosomes | Network of proteins between cell that provide strength to tissues (they look like stitches) |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions; desmosomes examples | skin...but as we get older, te number of desmosomes decrease, increasing the risk of skin tares |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions: tight junction closing the space | Adjoining cells converge and fuse together. |
| Membrane Intercellular junctions: Gap junction function | The heart muscle and digestive tract are interconnected by tubular channels and allows ions, nutrients, amino acids, nucleotides, etc to move between them. |
| Cytoplasm | Semi fluid environment of the cell |
| Cytosol | The liquid found in cells |
| Cytoplasm function | supplies the basic substances required for the functioning of the cell. |
| Primary cell structure | Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, organelles. |
| Actvities of a cell occur largely where? | Cytoplasm |
| Cytoplasm basic functions include this | where nutrient molecules are recieved, processed and used in metabolic reactions |
| The nucleus | Bound by membranes |
| Contains chromosomes and nucleolus | The nucleus function |
| The Nucleolus | no membrane composed of protein and RNA Molecules. |
| Produces ribosomes | The Nucleolus function |
| Organelles | Mebrane/cytoskeleton bound structures in the cytoplasm which carry on or support the function of the cell. |
| Spider web like matrix that holds things in position | Organelles |
| Cytoplasm Organelle & structures | ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Bodies, Mitochondrion, Lysosomes, Peroxisome, centrosome, cytoskeleton |
| Cytoplasm Organelle & Structures: Ribosomes function | Protein synthesis; |
| amino acids are linked together to form proteins. | Ribosomes |
| Ribosomes location | They are bound the the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | A system of membranous channels, tubes and flattened sacs manufacture of lipid and protein components of organelles. |
| Tubular transport system that participates in protein synthesis and lipid molecules | ER- these molecules can leave the cell, or be used within the cell for functions such as producing new ER |
| Smooth ER- What substance is processed? | Process proteins destined for secretions from the cell |
| Smooth ER- What does it manufacture? | Lipid and protein components of organelles |
| Rough ER -what substance does it synthesis? | Proteins are synthesized and then transfer to the golgi apparatus for further processing. |
| Rough ER - Where does protein synthesis occur? | it occurs via attached ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis. |
| What does Smooth ER contain? | enzymes important for synthesizing lipids, absorbing fats from the digestive tract, and break down to drugs. |
| What is the relationship of smooth er and rough er? | Lipids are synthesized in the smooth ER and are added to the proteins that were from the Rough ER. |
| Golgi Bodies | Dictyosomes |
| What is the function of Golgi Bodies | Recieve materials (such as proteins) from the ER, package & transport them to organelles or the plasma membrane. |
| Mitochondrion function | Extraction of energy from CHO, ATP formation. |
| The powerhouse of the cell | Mitochondria |
| cristae | Inner membrane of the Mitochondria, that is highly convulted, forming folds that increases the surface area of the mitochondria. |
| within the cristae, sugar and other nutrients are combined and energy is produced called | ATP |
| Lysosomes | Tiny membranous sacs known as the garbage disposal of the cell |
| Degredation, recycling of materials, removal of bacteria and worn cells | Lysosomes function. |
| Peroxisome | Membranous sacs, look very similar to a lysosome, but mainly found in the liver and kidney. |
| Catalyze reactions and remove hydrogen peroxide | Peroxisome function |
| Centrosome | Location of the centrioles |
| Separate sister chromotids during mitosis by forming spindle fibers | Centrosome |
| What do centrosomes do during cell division? | Centrioles migrate to either side of the nucleus, spindle fibers are formed, pull on and distribute chromosomes (chromosomes carry DNA) to the new cells. |
| What else does centrosomes produce? | cilia and flagella |
| Cytoskeleton function | internal Framework of microfilaments and microtubules to which organelles and chromosomes are anchored. |
| chromosomes contains abundant protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework called | Cytoskeleton |
| Cell Surface Features | Cillium & Flagellum |
| Cillium(a) | Extension of the cell membrane |
| Propulsion and movement of substances | Cillium(a) function |
| Flagellum(a) | Complex structure on cell surface |
| Propulsion | Flagellum(a) function |
| Difference between flagella and cilia | Cilia are small hair like rods vs Flagella is single and longer than cilium. |
| Membrane transport | Brownian movement, diffusion, |
| Brownian Movement | The constant movement of molecules (above absolute zero) |
| Diffusion | movement of a substance across/thru a membrane |
| Membrane transport: routes thru the membrane | Lipid bi-layer, protein channels, protein water pores |
| Route thru membrane: Lipid bi-layer | for substances soluble in lipids (non-polar) |
| lipid bi-layer examples | Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, steroids, anesthetics |
| Route thru membrane: Protein Channels | Integral - for substances not soluble in lipids (polar) |
| Protein channels examples | Na+, Cl- |
| Why can't water go thru non polar substance? | Because it is polar |
| Cinamon gum example | Cinamon oil is non polar which enabled for it to absorb into skin. |
| Passive systems | no cellular energy required with movement down a concentration gradient; From higher to lower |
| Simple diffusion | movement of substance directly through the lipid bi-layer. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Passage through proteins via change in molecular structure of protein carriers. |
| Facilitated diffusion eg | insulin promotes forms of diffusion of glucose. |
Created by:
Wends1984
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