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micro ch 1
the microbial world and you
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| microbes (microorganisms) | minute living things, individually too small to see with unaided eye. includes bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses. majority maintain balance of living organisms and chemicals in environment |
| Weizmann | used bacteria to produce acetone, smokeless form of gunpowder, WWI, 1914 |
| pathogenic | disease producing |
| genus | first name, capitalized |
| specific epithet (species) | second name, not capitalized |
| what can a scientific name do? | describe organism, honor researcher, ID habitat of species |
| bacteria | simple, single-celled organisms; no nuclear membrane; cell walls contain peptidoglycan; reproduce by binary fission, many have flagella |
| archaea | prokaryotic cells with walls that lack peptidoglycan, often found in extreme environments 1. ethnogeny produce methane 2. extreme halophiles live in salty environments 3. extreme thermophiles live in hot sulfurous water |
| fungi | unicellular/multicellular eukaryotes. no photosynthesis. • most common- molds • visible masses of molds- mycelia • reproduce sexually or asexually |
| protozoa | unicellular eukaryotes, move by pseudopods, flagella, cilia • amoebas • free entities or parasites |
| algae | photosynthetic eukaryotes • cell wall contains cellulose |
| viruses | acellular, contains core made of one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), surrounded by protein coat • reproduce only by using living cells, considered to be parasites • outside living hosts, inert |
| helminths | flatworms and roundworms, two major groups of parasitic worms. during some stage of life cycle, microscopic in size |
| classification of organisms | 1. bacteria- cell wall peptidoglycan 2. archaea- if wall, lacks peptidoglycan 3. eukarya a. protists- slime molds, protozoa, algae b. fungi- unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, mushrooms c. plants- mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants d. a |
| Hooke | 1665, life’s smallest structural units are little boxes, or cells; cell theory- all living things are composed of cells |
| van Leewenhoek | 1673-1723, described “animalcules” in single-lens microscope |
| spontaneous generation | forms of life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter |
| Redi | opponent of SG, 1668, experiments with decaying meat in jars and flies, fine net on top to allow fresh air |
| Needham | 1745, claimed microbes arose spontaneously from broth after it was heated, poured into covered flasks, cooled |
| Spallazani | 1765- nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in flask did not develop growth, this was challenged because there was no oxygen (“vital force”) present |
| Virchow- biogenesis | living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells |
| Pasteur | 1861, demonstrated air contains microbes, but does not create them; showed that micobes can be present in nonliving matter (air, liquids, solids), can be destroyed by heat, methods can be devised to block access |
| aseptic techniques | prevent contamination by unwanted microbes |
| fermentation | yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air in presence of air, bacteria change alcohol into vinegar->souring/spoilage |
| pasteurization | heat beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that causes spoilage, used in milk as well |
| germ theory of disease | micoorganisms cause disease |
| Bassi | amateur microscopist, proved a silkworm disease caused by fungus Pasteur found more recent infection caused by protozoan, 1865 |
| Lister | English surgeon 1860s, applied germ theory to medical procedures, treated wounds with phenol, reduced incidence of infections and deaths |
| Semmelweis | Hungarian physician 1840s, showed that doctors that didn’t disinfect hands transmitted infections between OB patients |
| Koch | German physician 1876, proof that bacteria cause disease discovered Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), isolated TB 1882 |
| Koch’s postulates | sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease |
| Jenner | British physician 1796, vaccinated people against smallpox by exposing them to cowpox (milder disease), first time in western culture that living agent (virus) used to produce immunity |
| vaccination | inoculation with avirulent bacterium, induces immunity |
| immunity | protection from disease provided by vaccination |
| chemotherapy | treatment of disease by using chemical substances |
| antibiotics | chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms |
| synthetic drugs | chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory |
| Ehrlich | German physician 1910, searched for magic bullet which would hunt down and destroy pathogen without harming infected host, found salvarsan, arsenic derivative against syphilis |
| Fleming | Scottish physician, discovered first antibiotic (penicillin) by accident, culture plates had been contaminated by mold, around mold was clear area where bacteria growth had been inhibited |
| Heide Schulz (1997) | discovered bacterium large enough to be seen with unaided eye, which lives in mud on African coast and consumes hydrogen sulfide, which would be toxic to mud-dwelling animals |
| mycology | study of fungi, includes medical, agricultural, ecological branches |
| parasitology | study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
| genomics | study of all of an organism’s genes |
| immunology | study of immunity, dates back to Jenner |
| Lancefield | 1933 proposed streptococci be classified according to serotypes (variants within a species) based on certain components in cell walls of bacteria, research permits rapid ID of specific pathogenic streptococci based on immunological techniques |
| Iwanowski (1892) | reported that organism that caused mosaic disease of tobacco was smaller than bacteria (passed thru fine filters) |
| Stanley (1935) | demonstrated that virus was fundamentally different from other microbes and could be crystallized like a chemical compound |
| Berg (1960s) | attached fragments of human/animal DNA (genes) that code for specific proteins to bacterial DNA, recombinant DNA- resulting hybrid |
| recombinant DNA technology | technology that developed from technique of inserting rDNA into microbes, making large quantities of desired protein |
| microbial genetics | studies mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits |
| molecular biology | how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins |
| Beadle and Tatum (1941) | demonstrated relationship between genes and enzymes |
| Avery, MacLeod, McCarthy (1944) | established DNA as heritary material |
| Lederberg and Tatum (1946) | discovered genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation |
| Watson and Crick (1953) | model for structure and replication of DNA |
| Jacob and Monod (1961) | discovered messenger RNA |
| Beijerinck and Winogradsky (1880s) | showed how bacteria help recycle vital elements between soil and atmosphere |
| microbial ecology | study of relationship between microorganism and their environment; microbes convert carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus into forms plants and animals can use; recycle water in sewage treatment |
| bioremediation | use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant; insect pest control- doesn’t harm environment |
| biotechnology | industrial application of microbes to produce common foods and chemicals |
| gene therapy | inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells |
| emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) | new/changing diseases increasing in incidence; factors: evolutionary changes in existing organisms, spread of known disease to new pop by modern transportation, increased exposure to infectious agents in changing areas e.g. deforestation, construction |
| normal microbiota (flora) | microorganisms on and inside our bodies |
| resistance | ability to ward off diseases |
| biofilm | complex aggregation of microbes, attached to each other and/or some surface (slimy layer), resistant to antibiotics b/c biofilm offers protective barrier |
| infectious disease | disease in which pathogens invade susceptible host |
| avian influenza A (H5N1) (bird flu) | wild birds spread to domesticated birds, causes death; virus normally seen in one species can cross over & cause illness in another species; all subtypes can infect pigs; not yet evolved to be transmitted among humans |
| methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) | emerged in hospitals 1980s |
| vancomycin-intermediate S aureus (VISA) | late 1990s |
| vancomycin-resistant S aureus (VRSA) | 2002 |
| wiping household surfaces with antibacterial agents | creates environment in which resistant bacteria survive; soaps, detergents, chemicals are fine |
| West Nile encephalitis (WNE) | inflammation of brain caused by West Nile virus, arrived in US by infected traveler or migratory birds 1999 |
| bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (mad cow disease) | caused by infectious protein- prion 1996 |
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) | human disease caused by prion, incidence in UK caused by new variant related to bovine disease 2005 |
| E coli O157:H7 | bloody diarrhea when it grows in intestines 1996 Japan |
| flesh-eating bacteria | invasive group A Streptococcus (IGAS) 1995 |
| Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) | from DROC, outbreak in 1995, from virus |
| Marburg virus | hemorrhaging virus, rare |
| cryptosporidiosis | outbreak in Milwaukee 1993 |
| AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) | 1981 |
| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) | destroys CD4+ T cells, one type of white blood cell important to immune system defenses |
| MDR, example | multi-drug resistant; tuberculosis |
| XDR | extreme resistance, strain resistant to all known antibiotics |
| example of DNA manipulation, genetic engineering | GFP (green fluorescent protein) from jellyfish allows you to follow pieces of DNA when inserted into another organism's cells |
Created by:
bethanysoo
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