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Polysaccharide metabolism
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amylase in the saliva breaks down _____ into...
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Biology Chapter 7 -

study from notes: Cellular Respiration

QuestionAnswer
Polysaccharide metabolism amylase breaks down starch into maltose and glucose; maltase breaks down maltose; blood glucose regulation; carbohydrate consumption
amylase in the saliva breaks down _____ into... starch (polysaccharide) into maltose (disaccharide) and glucose (monosaccharide)
maltase in the _____ breaks down _____ small intestine; maltose
high blood glucose insulin is released; insulin links glucose molecules into the storage form glycogen (polysaccharide)
low blood glucose glucagon is released; breaks glycogen back into glucose
carbohydrate consumption brain uses 5-6 g of glucose/hour; total amount in 150 lb person is 20 g; total glycogen content is 200 g (lasts about one day)
four phases of cellular respiration glycolysis, preparatory reaction, Kreb's cycle, and electron transport chain
glycolysis activates and splits 6-carbon glucose into 2 3-carbon pyruvates
preparatory reaction 3-carbon pyruvate loses CO2 to become 2-carbon acetyl attached to CoA (a carrier molecule)
Kreb's cycle acetyl is completely oxidized to 2 CO2s to generate NADH, FADH2, and ATP
electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 are used to generate ATP
NADH used in respiration (like NADPH)
NADPH used in photosynthesis
NADH stores high-energy electrons but is more stable (but not as stable as sugars)
NADPH is usually involved in building up (anabolic processes)
NADH is usually involved in breaking down (catabolic processes)
FADH2 between NADH and NADPH in stability; it transfers its electrons to the electron transport at a different location than NADH
Coenzyme A (CoA) good biological "handle" for carrying 2-carbon units
Glycolysis outside of mitchondria
glucose is too stable to break down easily so... 1st step is to "charge" the glucose with 2 phosphates, one at either end; 2 ATP must be used up; this is an energy investment
the activated 6-carbon glucose is broken into 2 activated 3-carbon PGALs
both PGALs then give up high-energy electrons to become pyruvates....this oxidation yields 2 ATPs each and 1 NADH each; investment=2 ATPs; yield=4ATPs and 2 NADHs; NADHs now carry the electons; pyruvate is carried through both mitochondrial membranes into the matrix space
preparatory reaction (in mitochondrial matrix) 3-carbon pyruvate loses CO2 to become 2-carbon acetyl; acetyl is attached to CoA; 2 NADH are produced (one per each pyruvate)
Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle) 2-carbon acetyl is transferred to 4-carbon unit(oxaloacetate) to give 6-carbon unit(citrate); 2 carbons are oxidized off, 1 at a time, to CO2; each cycle adds 2 carbons and burns off 2; these carbons give up their electrons to make 1ATP, 1 FADH2 and 3NADH
handout electron transport chain
electron transport chain: NADH gives its electrons to... the NADH dehydrogenase complex - one proton is pumped out of the matrix
electron transport chain: the NADH dehydrogenase complex passes the electrons to the... cytochrome b-c complex - a second photon is pumped out of the matrix
electron transport chain: the cytochrome b-c complex passes the electrons to the... cytochrome oxidase complex - a third proton is pumped out of the matrix
electron transport chain: 3 H+s are pumped out of the... matrix
electron transport chain: 3 ATPs are made as the H+s rush back into the matrix through the... ATP synthase
electron transport chain: so every 1 NADH yields... 3 ATPs
FADH2 gives its electrons to the chain one step later; only pumps 2 H+s; 2 ATPs are made as the H+s rush back into the matrix through ATP synthase
the electrons, drained of all the energy that they received from photosynthesis, are finally transferred to O2 (O2--->H2O)
Kreb's cycle is aerobic or anaerobic? aerobic (needs O2)
Kreb's cycle: If there is no O2, then the electrons must be passed off to something else. Some bacteria can use S--->H2S. Humans must bypass Kreb's and produce lactic acid (makes muscles burn)
Kreb's cycle continued: Plants only produce oxygen when they're storing energy as sugar. They must also use O2 for respiration just like us.
Created by: chelsea_2010
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