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A&P 1 Ch. 1-4
clinical connections and notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| noninvasive diagnostic technique | one that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening |
| Inspection | the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal ex. a physician may examine the mouth cavity for evidence of disease |
| Palpation | gently touching; the examiner feels the body surfaces with the hands |
| Auscultation | listening; the examiner listens to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds |
| Percussion | the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo |
| Autopsy | seeing with one's own eyes; or necropsy is the postmortem (after death) examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death |
| Homeostasis | sameness; standing still; the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes |
| Feedback System | or feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, or re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on |
| Feedback System Positive | tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions |
| Feedback System Negative | reverses a change in a controlled condition |
| Diagnosis | through; knowledge; the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another |
| Superior(cephalic or cranial) | toward the head, or the upper part of a structure ex. the heart is superior to the liver |
| Inferior(caudal) | away from the head, or the lower part of a structure ex. the stomach is inferior to the lungs |
| Anterior(ventral) | nearer to or at the front of the body ex. the sternum (breast bone) is anterior to the heart |
| Posterior(dorsal) | nearer to or at the back of the body ex. the esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe) |
| Medial | nearer to the midline ex. the ulna is medial to the radius |
| Lateral | farther from the midline ex. the lungs are lateral to the heart |
| Intermediate | between two structures ex. the transverse colon is intermediate between the ascending and descending colons |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side of the body as another structure ex. the gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral |
| Contralateral | on the opposite side of the body from another structure ex. the ascending and descending colons are contralateral |
| Proximal | nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure ex. the humerus (arm bone) is proxiaml to the radius |
| Distal | farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure ex. the phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones) |
| Superficial(external) | toward or on the surface of the body ex. the ribs are superficial to the lungs |
| Deep(internal) | away from the surface of the body ex. the ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back |
| Radiography | producing an image on a radiosensitive surface by radiation other than visible light |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses magnetic fields to detect subtle changes in brain tissue |
| Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) | a variation of MRI that tracks the movement of water molecules along the length of axons, long processes of nerve cells that form the white matter in the brain |
| Computed tomography (CT) formerly Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) | an x-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body |
| Coronary(Cardiac)Computed tomography (CCTA) scan | an iodine-containing contrast medium is injected into a vein and a beta-blocker is given to decrease heart rate |
| Ultrasound scanning | high-frequency sound waves produced by a handheld wand reflect off body tissues and are detected by the same instrument |
| Sonogram | an image that is still or moving and is shown on a video monitor |
| Doppler ultrasound | used to observe the size, location, and actions of organs and blood flow through blood vessels |
| Positron emission tomography (PET) | a substance that emits positions is injected into the body |
| Radionuclide scanning | A diagnostic exam that produces pictures (scans) of internal parts of the body. |
| Single-photon-emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scanning | a specialized type of radionuclide scanning that is especially useful for studying the brain, heart, lungs and liver |
| Endoscopy | visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use of an endoscope |
| Radioactive isotopes | A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus |
| Tracers | used to follow the movement of certain substances through the body |
| Antioxidants | A substance that inhibits oxidation |
| Artificial sweeteners | These variously named chemicals have lower calories than the sugar they replace |
| Essential fatty acids (EFAs) | a group of fatty acids |
Created by:
stanback
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