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Zoology 1110 E1
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 7 Characteristics of Living Organisms | Cellular Organization Ordered Complexity Sensitivity Growth, Development and Reproduction Energy Utilization Homeostasis Evolutionary Adaptation |
| Proximate Causes/Mechanisms | Physiology, Genetics, Anatomy, Neurology |
| Ultimate Causes | Evolutionary |
| Liquid Water | 0-100 |
| Polar | A molecule that has a partial charge. NOT an ion |
| Covalent Bond | Atoms that share electrons |
| Hydrogen Bond | The attraction of the partial positive charge of H to the partial negative charge of O in H2O |
| Qualities of Water | High Specific Heat High heat of Vaporization Low Density of Ice Solubility Organizes nonpolar molecules Breaks ionic bonds |
| Cell Theory | All Organisms are made of cells Cells are the smallest unit of life All cells come from preexisting cells |
| Cell size | Determined by the ratio of surface area to volume |
| Prokaryotic cell age | 3.5 BYA |
| Age of Earth | 4.5 BYA |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Diameter 1-10 um No nucleus Single, circular chromosome Free Ribosomes |
| Eukaryotic Cell | Diameter 10-100 um True Nucleus Multiple, linear chromosomes Ribosomes bound to ER |
| Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| Age of Photosynthesis | 2.2 BYA |
| Age of Eukaryotes | 1.8 BYA |
| Plasma Membrane | Regulates what passes into and out of cell, cell to cell recognition, connection and adhesion, cell communication |
| Nucleus | Largest organelle in the cell |
| Nuclear Envelope | Lipid bilayer membrane that covers the nucleus |
| Cytoplasm | Not a bound organelle, fills the space unoccupied by other organelles |
| Ribosomes | Attached to the ER, used for protein synthesis, composed of RNA and protein |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Smooth-does not contain ribosomes, for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis Rough-contains Ribosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus | Buds off vesicles that package and contain proteins made on the rough ER or lipids made on the Smooth ER |
| Lysosomes | Produced by the Golgi Apparatus, break down components of cellular waste and worn out organelles |
| Mitochondria | Site of Oxidative Respiration, composed of folded membrane for more surface area |
| Endo Symbiotic Theory | A theory that states that eukaryotic cells evolved from primitive prokaryotic cells |
| Cytoskeleton | Structural support, cell movement and movement of vesicles within cells |
| Centrioles | structures that organize the placement and movement of protein fibers during division |
| Cell Wall | Built with cellulose, keep plant cells from bursting from water pressure |
| Chloroplast | Convert photons into energy through photosynthesis |
| Cilia | Small extensions outside of the cell used to move cell or other items toward a cell |
| Flagella | A long extracellular extension structure covered by the plasma membrane used for cell locomotion |
| Plasma Membrane structure | Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell |
| Passive Transport | Diffusion, Ion Diffusion, Osmosis |
| Diffusion | Small, uncharged molecules that can pass through the membrane without aide |
| Ion Diffusion | Ion atoms driven by consentration gradient through channels in the membrane |
| Osmosis | Aquaporins provide a channel for water to move through the membrane, driven by the consentration gradient |
| Hypertonic Solution | Shriveled cells, net movement is out of the cell |
| Isotonic Solution | Water moves both in and out of the cell but there is no net movement |
| Hypotonic Solution | Cells swell and burst, net movement is into the cell |
| Active Transport | Protein Carriers Coupled Transport Bulk Transport |
| Protein Carriers | NA+/K+ pump |
| Coupled Transport | Glucose movement into the cell with the assistance of another Atom moving with the gradient |
| Bulk Transport | Endocytosis & Exocytosis |
| Endocytosis | Phagocytosis(solid) and Pinnocytosis(liquid) are used to surround a molecule with membrane and "swollow" it into the cell |
| Exocytosis | Proteins and other molecules are secreted from cells in small packets called vesicles, releasing their contents outside the cell |
| Haploid | (N) A single set of chromosomes |
| Diploid | (2N) A double set of chromosomes |
| Karyotype | The particular array of chromosomes an individual organism possesses |
| Human Diploid number | 2N = 46 |
| Autosome | Any eukaryotic chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| Centromere | The region where chromatids are joined together |
| Kinetochore | Proteins that bind to microtubule spindle to keep chromosomes segregated during cell division |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Same genes, same order, alleles are different traits |
| Cell Cycle | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
| Interphase | G and S phases in which the cell is preparing to enter mitosis |
| G Phase | G1-growing of the cells volume G2-organelles are replicated G0-cells that pause in the G1 phase indefinately |
| Prophase | Chromosome condensation, Early Mitotic spindle present |
| Prometaphase | Centrioles have migrated and attached to the cellular membrane |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell |
| Anaphase | Chromosomes are pulled apart into daughter chromosomes by microtubule fibers that get shorter as they get closer to the centrioles |
| Telophase | Protein fibers pinch the cells apart and a nuclear envelop forms |
| Cytokinesis | Other cellular material is divided |
| 4 standards of Scientific Conduct | Universal Communal Disinterested Organized Skepticism |
| Inductive Reasoning | The logic flows from the specific to the general, poodles have hair-other dogs have hair-all dogs must have hair |
| Deductive Reasoning | The logic flows from the general to the specific, mammals have hair-an animal has no hair-that animal must not be a mammal |
| Cholesterol | Only in animal cells, provide rigidity |
| Phytosterols | Only in plant cells, provide rigidity |
| Lynn Margulis | Created idea for Endosymbiont theory |
| Watson | Explained the structure of the DNA molecule |
| Darwin | Explained the evolutionary mechanism called natural selection |
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