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Immuno&Microbiology
Immuno and Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are phases of an adaptive Immune Response? | Recognition->Activation->Pathogen elimination ->Contraction -> Memory |
| What are two types of immune response systems? | Cell-mediated and adaptive immune response. |
| What are two principle types of reactions of the innate immune system? | 1. Inflammation 2. Anti-viral defense |
| What is the most abundant cell innate immunity? | Neutrophils |
| What is the sequence of events in the migration of blood leukocytes to sites of infection? | Rolling-> Integrin activation by chemokines-> Stable adhesion -> Migration through endothelium |
| How they(Neutrophils,Monocyte/Macrophage) destroy ingested microbes | Internalize microbes to phagosome->phagosome fuse with lysosome, become phagolysosome-> 3 enzymes for killing |
| What are three enzymes within Innate immune? | Phagocyte oxidase(ROS), NO, and lysosomal proteases |
| What does NK cells infected by? | IFN-gama |
| What are two types of receptors of NK cell? | activating and inhibitory receptor |
| What are steps of complement system? | Inflammation, opsonization and phagocytosis, lysis of microbes |
| What are the role of innate immunity in stimulating adaptive immune responses? | Provides 2nd signal for T and B cell through upregulate costimulatory molecule and cytokines important for T/B proliferation and differentiation |
| What are Professional Antigen Presenting Cells(APC) is major type? | Dendritic cells |
| What is Human MHC are called? | human leukocytes antigents(HLAs) |
| How many types of MHC? | ClassII and Class I |
| Class II | Responsive to T-Cells is CD4+ T cells |
| Class I | Responsive T-Cells is CD8+ T cells |
| What are features of peptide binding to MHC molecules? | broad specific, displace one peptide at a time, bind only peptide, intracellular assembly, stable surface bound peptide, very slow off-rate |
| Phases of T Cell responses? | antigen recognition->Activation->Clonal expansion->Differentiation->Effector function->Memory cell generation |
| What is the two costimulatory molecules? | B7(APC) : CD28(T-cell) ; CD40(APC): CD40 ligand(T-Cell) |
| What are CD4+ T-cell differentiation? | TH1, TH2, TH17 |
| What does CD4+ help T cells? | activate phagocytes to destroy microbes residing in the Vesicles of these phagocytes |
| What does CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs)? | kill any cell containing microbes or microbial proteins in the cytoplasm, thereby eliminating the reservoir of infection |
| Effector functions of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes? | Granzymes, and Perforin |
| What Naive B cells express? | IgM and IgD |
| What are isotype switching? | IgG, IgA, IgE |
| Cytokine produce by Helper T cells: | IL-4 -> IgE->defense against helminths, mast cell degranulation |
| Cytokine produce by Helper T cells: | TGFB, BAFF-> IgA->mucosal immunity: neutralization of microbes and toxins |
| Cytokine produce by Helper T cells | IFN-gama ->IgG -> neutralization of microbes and toxins, opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes |
| GALT | underlying connective tissue: Lamina propria, containing peyer's patch |
| Outer epithelial barrier | serves essential functions to prevent microbial invasion |
| Distant draining lymph nodes | where adaptive immune responses to invading microbes are initiated and amplified |
| What are intestinal epithelial cells(innate immunity)? | Goglet, epithelial, M cells, Paneth cells |
| Mucins | glycosylated protein prevent microbes contact |
| Defensins | TLRs and NLRs |
| DC and Macrophage | killing activities, secrete anti-infl. cytokines, IL-10 |
| Adaptive Immunity | IgA and TH17 |
| Immune Evasion by Extracellular Bacteria? | Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, E.Coli, Salmonella typhymurium |
| What is Vaccine? | A vaccine is a suspension of organisms or factions of organisms that are used to unduce immunity. |
| What is the principle of vaccine? | Adaptive immune response has memory. |
| Immunological tolerance: | unresponsiveness to self antigen, a lack of response to antigens that is induced by exposure |
| autoimmunity: | immune system attack individual's own cells and tissues |
| central tolerance: | immunological tolerance to self antigens induced int eh generative(central)lymphoid organs |
| Peripheral tolerance: | immunological tolerance to self antigens induced in the peripheral tissues |
| Anergy | functional inactivation of T lymphocytes that occurs when these cells recognize antigens without adequate levels of the costimulators(second signals, B7-CD28) |
| Pneumococci | Capsular polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis |
| Staphylococci | production of catalase, which breaks down reactive oxygen intermediates |
| Streptococci | M protein blocks C3 binding to organims, and C3b binding to complement receptors |
| Psedudomonas | Synthesis of modifified LPS that resists action of peptide antibiotics |
Created by:
rxfuture949
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