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Chapter 2 Human Bio
Cells and structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organelle | Structures inside of the cell |
| What is the 6 functions of cells | Basic unit of life, protection and support, movement, communication, cell metabolism and energy release, inheritance |
| Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane | outermost component of a cell, forms a boundary, protects cell |
| Extracellular substance | substances outside the cell |
| Intracellular Substance | substances inside the cell |
| Mosaic Model | a structural model of the arrangement of molecules in a cell membrane |
| Nucleus | cell organelle containing most of the genetic material of the cell, center of a atom with protons and neutrons |
| Nucleolus | rounded dense, well defined bodies with no surrounding membrane, units of ribosomes are manufactured here |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) | in cytoplasm, many attached ribosomes, site of protein synthesis |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) | in cytoplasm, site of lipid synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | in cytoplasm, modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles |
| Lysosomes | in cytoplasm, contains enzymes that digest material taken into cells |
| Mitochondrion | the powerhouse, in cytoplasm, site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis |
| Microtubules | in cytoplasm, supports cytoplasm, assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella |
| Cilia | On cell surface with many on each cell they move substances over surface of certain cells |
| Flagella | On sperm cell surface with one per cell, propels the sperm cells |
| Microvilli | extension of cell surface with many on each cell increase surface area of certain cells |
| Ribosomes | small spherical cytoplasmic organelle where protein synthesis occurs |
| Cytoskeleton | the collection of microtubules microfilaments and intermediate filaments that support the cytoplasm and organelles also involved with cell movements |
| What are 4 ways molecules can pass through the cell membrane | Directly through the phospholipid membrane, membrane channels, carrier molecules and vesicles |
| Solution | mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent |
| Solutes | dissolved substance in a solution |
| Solvent | liquid that holds a other substance in solution |
| Diffusion | tendency for solute molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to a area of lower concentration in a solution the product of the constant random motion of all atoms ions or molecules in a solution |
| Concentration gradient | the measure of the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points |
| Osmosis | diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration |
| Osmotic pressure | force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Hypotonic | solution that causes cells to swell |
| Isotonic | solution that causes cells to neither shrink or swell |
| Hypertonic | solution that causes cells to shrink |
| Facilitated Diffusion | carrier mediated process that does not require ATP and moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to lower concentration |
| Active transport | carrier mediated process that requires ATP and can move substances into or out of cells from a lower to a higher concentration |
| Sodium potassium exchange pump | moves sodium ions out of the cells and potassium ions into cells |
| Endocytosis | bulk uptake of material through the cell membrane by taking it into a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | Eliminaton of material from a cell through the formation of cells |
| Glycolysis | anaerobic process during which one glucose molecule is converted to 2 pyruvic acid molecules, a net of 2 ATP molecules is produced during Glycolysis |
| Aerobic Respiration | breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and about 38 ATP molecules includes glycolysis the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain |
| Anerobic Respiration | breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid and 2 ATP molecules consists of glycolysis and the reduction of pyruvic acid to lactic acid |
Created by:
hayboy
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