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Biology Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the characteristics of living things | 1)show some level of organization 2)reproduce themselves using DNA 3)develop and grow 4)capture energy from the environment 5)capable of homeostasis 6)sense their environment and respond to it 7)have the capacity to adapt |
| what are the steps to the scientific method | 1)ask a question 2)do background research 3)conduct a hypothesis 4)test you hypothesis by doing an experiment 5)analyze your data and draw a conclusion 6)communicate your results |
| what is a testable hypothesis | it is a question that can be answered objectively by measurements and observations |
| what is deductive reasoning | general to specific |
| what is inductive reasoning | specific to general |
| what is an independent variable | manipulated by the investigator what is being tested |
| what is a dependent variable | it represents the result of the manipulation of the experimental variable what is being measured |
| what is a sample size | the amount of a population that is being tested |
| what is a random sample size | randomly selecting from a group to be tested, no bias |
| what is a control group | untreated subjects used as a test benchmark, the group unexposed to some procedure than compared with treated subjects in order to validate results |
| what is an experimental group | the group that is exposed to the variable of a controlled experiment |
| what is a hypothesis | emerging idea that has yet to be tested |
| what is a theory | concepts supported by a broad range of observation, experiments, and conclusions |
| what is Lamarck inheritance of acquired characteristics | the theory claiming that evolution occurs because beneficial characteristics acquired during an organisms lifetime are passed on to their offspring |
| what are adaptive traits | greater fitness would be more common in a population of generations |
| what is artificial selection | selective breeding so offspring will have desired characteristics |
| what is bio geography | the study of the distribution of species throughout the world the earth has 6 regions each has it's own species |
| what is continental drift | the position of continents and oceans have shifted over time |
| what is a homologous structure | body parts that appear different but are similar in form they have common ancestors body parts become modified to size and shape |
| what is an analogous structure | body parts that look alike but didn't have a common ancestor |
| what is gene pool | all the genes of all the individuals within a population of organisms |
| what is genetic drift | change in gene frequency in a population due to random events usually within a small population |
| what was Lyell's impact on Darwin's ideas | Darwin uses Lyell's theory of uniformtarianism which is that the world was shaped by the gradual affect of observable processes, and darwin applied this to explain how species evolved |
| what was Malthus impact on Darwin's ideas | He wrote a book about scarce resources and darwin thought more about natural selection and biological fitness |
| Darwin's 5 facts | 1)variation within a population 2)some variations favor survival of an organism 3)over population leads to competition 4)survivors may pass down favorable traits 5)long periods of time allow small changes to accumulate and contribute to survival |
| Darwin's 3 inferences | 1)struggle for existence among a population 2) deferential survival and reproduction=natural seleciton 3)continued over generations decent modification= evolution |
| evidence of evolution | 1)fossil-hard body parts are preserved 2) embedded in sedimentary rock 3) fossils are found in stacked layer young on top |
| process of fossils | organism becomes covered by sedimentary rock or volcanic ash fossils are rare so record in incomplete |
| what the the relative dating method | determines the order not the actual date |
| what is the absolute method | radioactive dating techniques used to assign actual date |
| what is microevolution | is the change in allele frequencies brough about by mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection below the species level |
| what is macro evolution | large scale evolution occurring over geologic time that results in the formation of new species |
| what is an allele | one member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a chromosome, alternate form |
| what is an allele frequency | the frequency of an allele relative to that of others, alleles of the same gene in a populaiton |
| what is a genotype | the entire set of genes in an organism |
| what is genetic variation | variations of genomes between members of species, the amount in a populaiton |
| what is genetic equilibrium | a condition where a gene pool is not changing in frequency cuz the evolutionary forces acting upon the allele being equal a population does not evolve over several generations |
| what is Hardy weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium | populations dont change his 5 conditions are the baseline so we cant ell whether evolution has occured or not |
| what are hardy weinbergs 5 conditions | 1)random mating 2)large population size 3)no mutations 4)no immigration or emigration (gene flow) 5) no selecion |
| what is the founder effect | few people found a colony and the collective genes represent only a fraction of the original gene pool |
| what is the bottleneck effect | population is subjected to near extinction by a disaster and only a few genotypes contribute to the next generation |
| what is gene flow | immigration-entering a population emigration-leaving a population |
| what are the types of selection | 1)stabilizing- average phenotype is favored 2)directional/selection- one extreme phenotype is favored 3)disruptive- two or more phenotypes are selected 4)sexual-increase fitness by mating with certain characteristics |
| what is a species | A group of potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from all other groups a group of people that can reproduce with each other but no other groups |
| what is allopatric speciation | formation by geographical isolation |
| what is sympatric specieation | absence of a geographic barrier sexual selection |
| what is adaptive radiation | rapid speciation of a songle or a few species, to fill ecological niches marsupials and placentals also occurs after geologic events that eliminates a species |
| what is key innovation | can result in adaptive radiation or rapid diversification into new species |
| what is reproductive isolation | once species are formed they seperate |
| what is a prezygotic barrier | events that occur before the zygote |
| what is a postzygotic barrie | events that occur after the zygote |
| what is the panspermia hypothesis | life evolved elswhere and landed on earth in a meteor universe is 12-16 billion and earth 4.6. comets contain organic |
| what is chemosynthesis theory | chemical conditions, solar energy, excessive heat of the primitive earth cause a spontaneous combination of molecules, that made 1st living things polymers turn into self replicating organisms that eat molecules |
| what is bacteria | nonphotosynthetic bacteria that absorb food from the enviornment includes cyanobacteria which photosynthesize |
| what is archaea | bacteria obtain energy from inorganic molecules and live in extreme enviornments |
| bacterial reproduction | binary fussion- replicates the genome then splits in half, asexual reproduction |
| genetic recomination | three mechanisms: 1) conjucation "male" cell passes DNA to "female" through a sex pilus 2)transformation- bacterium takes up DNA from enviornment 3)transduction-viruses carry bacterial DNA from cell |
| food poisoning 2 methods | salmonella-growing in intestines staphylococcus-toxin while growing in food |
| viral stucture | smaller than bacteria 0.2 microns two components there is a capsid made of protein and nucleic acid core (DNA RNA) |
| viral reproduction what is the lytic cycle | 1)virus attaches to receptor on host cell 2)virus injects DNA 3)viral DNA attaches to host cell 4)makes new virus 5)host cell bursts 6)new virus attaches and makes new cells |
| latency | viral genome can lie dormant within host cell called a provirus viral DNA is replicated and stress may stimulate provirus to biosynthesis stage |
| retroviruses | genome is in RNA enzyme transcribes RNA to DNA and DNA goes into host cell (HIV) |
| Prions | proteinaceous infectious particles it causes scarpie in sheep mad cow creutzfeld Jakob in humans and Kurci which in cannabalism |
| bryophytes non vascular plants | mosses hornworts liverworts it has no xylem phloem sperm swim through water droplets to eggs sporophytes remain attached to gametophyte shizoids attach to gametophyte to soil or surface |
| moss life cycle | leafy green part is gametophyte supports sporophyte(stalk and capsule) spore form and release, spores develop into gametophytes that produce eggs sperm at tips produce a zygote dev into sporophyte while attached to egg |
| gametophyte | has 1/2 total number chromosomes, pollen, male sperm |
| sporophyte | total number of chromosomes |
| seedless vascular plants | club moss, horsetails, ferns, sporophyte lives longer and is large spores dominate |
| seeded vascular plants | gymnosperms:conifers,pines,naked seed angiosperms:monocots, dicots flowers, fruits largest seed plant |
| Vascular plants | tiny branches to coal forest(giant seedless) seed plants cycads ginkos plants evolved from green alage, adaptive radiation waterproof cuticle w/stomata internal vascular tissue transports water nutrients xylem phloem lignin supports |
| time line | bryophytes, 1st tree like seed, mosses swamps, mosses die, adaptive radiation, flowers |
| porazoa | sponges, no tissues, no symmetry, no organs |
| eumetazoa | all other animals, tissues, symmetry, organs |
| Phylum Porifera | sponges asymetrical cellular level of organization filter feeders collar cells |
| Phylum Ctenophora | comb jellies radial symmetry combrows bioluminescence two tissue layers |
| Phylum Cnidaria | anemones jelly fish corals hydra raidal symmetry stinging cells one ended diagestive system two tissue layers |
| Phylum Platynelimnthes | hatworms tapeworms planaria bilateral symmetry flat body shape one ended digestive system three tissue layers |
| phylum annelida | leech earthworm christmas tree worm fanworm bilateral symmetry two ended digestive system |
| phylum nematoda | round worms as caris, hoorworm loa loa bilateral symmetry round body dorsal and ventral nerve cords cuticle |
| Phylum mollusca | mussel scallop, squid, snail, ocopus, cuttlefish bilateral symmetry shell in most large muscular foot in most veliger larva |
| phylum arthropoda | grasshopper, horseshoe, crab, tarantula, tick, schrimp,blue crap, scorpion, centipede bilateral symmetry exoskeleton jointed appendages |
| phylum echinodermata | sand dollar, sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea star, sea biscuit radial symmetry mutable skin radial symmetry mutable skin in most appendages in multiples of 5 water vascular system appendages in multiples of 5 water vascular |
| phylum chordata | Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia |
| Subphylum Urochordata | Examples, Tunicate, sea squirt Shared Characteristics Bilateral symmetry All chordate features Sessile as adults Pharyngeal basket for feeding |
| Subphylum Cephalochordata | Examples: Lancelet, Amphioxus Shared Characteristics Bilateral symmetry All chordate features Marine organisms |
| Subphylum Vertebrata | Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia |
| Class Chondrichthyes | Examples: Shark, Skate, Ray Shared Characteristics Bilateral symmetry All chordate features Cartilaginous skeleton |
| Class Osteichthyes | Examples: Seahorse, Flounder, Bluegill Shared Characteristics Bilateral symmetry All chordate features Bony skeleton Lateral line |
| Class Amphibia | Examples: Frog, Toad, Salamander Shared Characteristics Bilateral symmetry All chordate features Respire through skin Eggs require water |
| Class Reptilia | Examples: Snake, Turtle, Lizard Shared Characteristics Bilateral symmetry All chordate features Scaly skin Eggs don’t require water |
| Class Aves | Examples: Owl, Duck, Hawk, Robin, Penguin Shared Characteristics Bilateral symmetry All chordate features Feathers Air sacs in bone |
| Class Mammalia | Examples: Whale, Ape, Bat, Skunk, Squirrel, Human Shared Characteristics Bilateral symmetry All chordate features Hair Mammary glands |
Created by:
kschwandt
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