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A:History/Research
N110 History/Research
| Person/Group | Importance |
|---|---|
| Clara Barton | school teacher, volunteered during civil war; organized the American Red Cross |
| Fabiola | wealthy Roman matron--saint of early nursing who used her position and wealth to eastablish hospitals for the sick |
| Florence Nightingale | "Lady with the Lamp"; founder of modern nusring; influential in developing nurising education, practice, and adminstration |
| Harriet Tubman | "The Moses of Her People"; nursed the sick/suffering in the Underground Railroad "project" |
| Knights of Saint Lazarus | Men in nursing; knights that dedicated themselves to care for people with leprosy, syphillis, and chronic skin condition |
| Lavina L. Dock | nursing leader and suffragist who was active in the protest movement for women's rights; result 19th Amendment--women vote |
| Lillian Wald | founder of public health nursing |
| Margaret Sanger | founder of Plan Parenthood; imprisoned for 1st birth controlled info clinic (1916) |
| Mary Breckinridge | practiced midwivery in England; founded Frontier Nursing Service (1925)--familty centered primary health care to rural populations |
| Sojourner Truth | abolitionist, Underground Railroad agent, a nurse during Civil War; nurse/counselor for the Freemans' Relief Association |
| 1900 BC Babylonians | earliest law regarding medicine (nonspecific to nursing) |
| 1550 BC Egyptian | 1st recorded nurse; hired women to attend births; wet nurses |
| 1200-600 BC Hebrews | Mosaic Health Code; preventative medicine (plate for meat and a plate for milk) |
| 500 BC Hippocrates | 1st to separate science from religion |
| 300 BC Romans | Roman noblewoman cared for the sick; "respectability" to nursing |
| 0-500 AD Christianity | "Love thy neighbor as thyself"; nurse=dedication, service, help others; also hygiene and comfort measures |
| roles of nurse | caregiver, communicator, teacher, client advocate, counselor, change agent, leader, manager, case manager, research consumer, expanded career roles |
| caregiver | assist client physically/psychologically while preserving client's dignity |
| caregiver | encompasses physical, psychosocial, developmental, cultural, spiritual level |
| communicator | rn identify with client problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of health team |
| teacher | nurse helps cliens learn about their health and the health care procedures they need to perform to restore or maintain their health [assess learning needs/readiness/learning goals] |
| client advocate | acts to protect the client; represent client's needs/wishes to other health professionals [assist clients to excercise rights and help them speak up for themselves] |
| counselor | process of helping a client to reognize and cope with stressful psychologic/social problems |
| change agent | assisting others to make modifications in own behavior |
| leader | influences others to work togehter to accomplish a specific goal |
| criteria of profession | specialized education; body of knowledge; service orientation; ongoing research; code of ethics; autonomy; professional organization |
| ANA | american nurses association |
| NLN | national league for nursing |
| NSNA | national student nurses' association |
| protecting rights of human subjects | not to be harmed, full disclosure, self-determination/not coerced; privacy/confidentiality |
| quatitative research | systematic, logical steps according to a specific plan to collect numerical info that is anaylzed using statistical procedures |
| quatitative research | hard science; deductive reasoning; measurable attributes of human experience |
| qualitative research | associated with naturalistic inquiry; explores the subjective an complex experiences of human beings |
| qualitative research | "the human experience as it is lived through careful collectionn/analysis of narrative, subjective materials [inductive reasoning: id themes/patterns to develop a theory |
| quantitative research | state problem, define study's purpose, review related litature, formulate hypothese/define variables; select a research design testing hypothesis, select population/sample/setting; conduct pilot study; collect data; analyze data; communicate conclusions |
| research problem has this: | significance, researchability, feasibility, interest in researcher |
| significance | has potential to contribute to nursing science by enhanceing client care, testing or generating a theory, or resolving a day-to-day clinical problem |
| researchability | prblem can be subjected to scientific investigation |
| feasibility | availiability of time as well as material/human resources needed to investigate a research problem or question |
| validity | degree to which instrument measures what it is supposed to measure |
| reliability | degree of consistency with which an instrument measures a concept or variable |
| measures of central tendency | mean/median/mode |
| measures of variablity | range, variance, standard deviation |
| Nurse | Latin word nutrix - to nourish |
| Nursing is both | Art and Science*“The oldest of the arts and the youngest of the professions” |
| Aims of nursing | Promote health & wellness*Preventing illness*Restoring health*Care of the dying |
| 1900 B.C. Babylonians | Regulated sanitation, practice of surgery, nonspecific for nursing |
| 1550 B.C. Egyptians | Hired women to attend births – wet nurses - first recorded nurses |
| 1200-600 B.C. Hebrews | Mosaic Health Code - preventive medicine*Care of sick and aged |
| 400 B.C. Greeks - Hippocrates | first to separate medicine from religion |
| 300 B.C. Romans | Roman noblewoman, including wives of emperors, cared for the sick |
| 0-500AD Dawn of Christianity | “Love thy neighbor as thyself”*Hygiene and comfort measures |
| 500-1500 A.D. Middles Ages | Dark Ages - Church in conflict with science*Women in subordinate position but could achieve dignity as a nun.*Hotel Dieu (542 A.D.)*14th Century - Bubonic Plague killed 25% of world population |
| 1000-1500 Late Middle Ages | Military male nursing*Knights of Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem*Augustinian Sisters (Hotel Dieu) thought to be the first purely nursing order of Sisters |
| 1400-1600 Renaissance and Reformation | Catholic and Protestant hospitals*Women were sent to work as nurses in lieu of serving jail sentences*Sisters of Charity*Lying-in hospitals, hand washing |
| Birth of Modern Nursing Florence Nightingale (1820-1919) | “Lady with the lamp” *Crimean War - organized military hospital *Decreased infection rate ~ decreased death rate*1860 - wrote book and opened Training School for Nurses*Statistician |
| Influence on Nursing | Nutrition*Personal needs of patient*Standards of hospital management*Respectable occupation for women*Nursing Education & continuing education*Occupational & Recreational therapy*Roles for nursing in health and illness |
| Influence on Nursing | Separate from medicine |
| Civil War 1861-1865 | Dorothea Dix *Harriet Tubman & Sorjourner Truth*After Civil War, schools of nursing were hospital based*19th amendment in 1920 (women vote) |
| Dorothea Dix | Support of female nurses in the Army (1861) - After war, reforming treatment of mentally ill |
| WWII | women worked outside the home*More nurses needed*Medical and technological explosion |
| After WWII schools of nursing moved | to college/university settings |
| Contemporary Nursing | Nurse Practice Act*Licensure (first law requiring licensure |
| Nursing - Roles & Functions | Caregiver*Communicator*Teacher*Client Advocate*Counselor*Change Agent*Leader*Manager*Case Manager |
| Nursing is a profession | specialized education, body of knowledge acquired through research, ethics, & autonomy |
| Socialization | process to become a member of the nursing profession |
| Benner: From Novice to Expert | 1.novice 2. advanced beginner 3. competent 4. proficient 5. expert |
| Factors influencing current nursing practice | Economics, Family structure, Science & Technology, Legislation, Demographics, Collective Bargaining, Nursing Associations |
| Consumer | an individual, a group of people, or a community that uses a service or commodity |
| Patient | a person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care |
| Client | a person who engages the advice or services of another person who is qualified to provide this service |
| novice | no experience (students); limit performance, inflexible, goverernd by context-free rules/regulations rather than by experience |
| advanced beginner | marginally acceptable performance, recognizes aspects of real situation; experienced enough real situs to make Judgements about them |
| competent | 2-3years experience; orgainzation/planning abilities; differentiates important factors from less; coordinates multiple complex care demands |
| proficient | 3-5yrs experience; perceives situs as WHOLE rather than parts; uses maxims as guides; holistic understanding; focuses on long term goal |
| expert | perfomance is fluid, flexible, highly proficient, requires no rules, guidelines, or maxims to connect understanding of situ to action; highly skilled, INTUITIVE/analytical; Becasue "it FELT RIGHT" |
Created by:
aimeeNC
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