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hcr 240
pathophysiology ch1-20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| etiology | the origin of disease;cause;risk factors |
| pathophysiology | deals with cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, and the effects of such changes on cellular/organ/body structure and function(maladaptation). |
| pathogenesis | the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with the etiologic agents until the ultimate expression of a disease. |
| morphological changes | changes in the underlying structure or form of cells or tissues;both microscopic and grossly observable. |
| morbidity | describes the effects of an illness has on a person's life |
| mortality | statistics expressing death rates, often for specific diseases and specific populations |
| autocrine | white blood cells(immune cells);signals itself |
| paracrine | local communication,interstitial fluid;organ to organ. |
| endocrine | distant communication |
| osmosis | movement of water across membrane, from an area of lesser concentration to a greater concentration |
| diffusion | gas and other substances move from an area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | carriers system to move large complex substances, such as glucose,across a membrane |
| active transport | can move against a concentration gradient:takes energy to do this, and ATP such as in sodium and potassium pump |
| pinocytosis | phagocytosis: intake of substances and organisms |
| exocytosis | release from cell, release of hormones |
| endocytosis | cells engulf materials from their surroundings |
| resting membrane potential | low permeability, negative inside cell membrane |
| threshold potential | when cell is stimulated to produce action potential |
| depolarization | highly permeable to sodium ions;positive inside the cell membrane |
| repolarization | polarity of resting potential is reestablished |
| epithelium | is avascular, supported by basement membrane;for covering 1)skin,mucuous membranes(squamous, cuboidal,columnar;simple,stratified). 2)intracellular adhesion molecules(ICAMs) and cell juctions |
| atrophy | decrease in size of body parts due to disease,denervation,lack of endocrine stimulation,decreased nutrition;ischemia and it is reversible |
| hypertrophy | increase in size of body part, it is reversible |
| hyperplasia | increase in number of cells |
| metaplasia | change form one cell type to another |
| dysplasia | cells with variation in size, shape and appearance |
| duration (time) and intensity of exposure (amount) | determines whether cells are injured or successfully adapt |
| free radicals | the presence of an unpaired electron in the open shell of an atom;causes instability/vibration |
| electron trnsfer system of mitochondria | electrons are naturally passed between atoms/molecules to facilitate biochemical processes |
| human genome project | exact number of genes in humans remains undetermined |
| protein-coding genes | every gene determines the function for each individual protein |
| genes | make up the structure of amino acids which in turn determines the pattern of folding for each protein, thus,controlling the actual function of the protein |
| DNA | genetic code;G,C,T,A;thought of as a'cookbook' |
| RNA | compliment of code and mobile;G,C,A,U;thought of as the 'recipes' |
| transcription | DNA----mRNA |
| translation | rRNA---proteins |
| hereditary | genetic |
| congenital | present at birth;birth defects |
| reactive oxygen species (ROS) | superoxide radical(hydrogen peroxide), singlet oxygen oxygen atoms, hydroxyl molecules(0H) |
| free radical scavengers (antioxidants) | pick up/ give up single electrons and yet remain stable (terminating the chain-reaction) |
| single gene disorders | autosomal dominant:50% chance of transmitting disorder form parent to child.e.i. 1-familial hypercholesterolemia:too much cholesterol in bloodstream. 2-adult polycystic kidney disease(AD-PKD):4th leading cause of CRF(chronic renal failure) |
| autosomal recessive | form both parents.examples: 1-cystic fibrosis:thick, dry mucous buildup in the lungs 2-sickle-cell disease:red blood cells become sickle shaped caused by a single amino acid out of place. |
| sex-linked recessive | mother to son(x-linked)..example 1-G6PD deficiency:#1 human enzyme defect |
| polygenic disorders | 20% of all births defects;not as survivable/common a)multifactorial inheritance |
| chromosome disorders | 6% of all birth defects ..example 1)trisomy 21-down syndrome:mosaic patterns:example(1/3 cells have trisomy 21,2/3 normal) |
| environmental agents | diabetes mellitus, smoking,alcohol,radiation.Most vulnerable period is 15 days-8 weeks after conception |
| anaplasia | lack of cell differentiation |
| loss of density | dependent growth |
| loss of cohesiveness | (cellular adhesion molecules) |
| apoptosis | cells do not die 'on time' |
| doubling time | time for the total mass of cells in the tumor to double.Big enough to palpate:after doubling 30 times(1 billion cells).After doubling 5 more times tumor is fatal |
| benign cancer | cells are not necessarily damaging. They take pauses when copying themselves.Form a basement membrane around themselves with adhesion molescules(not mobile).Cells tend to wrap around clusters of cranial neurons.Worst in the brain because of intercranial |
| malignant cancer | cells are extremely damaging. Wholly undifferential cells.Do not attach to any other cells (very mobile) |
| hyperthermia---heat cramps | a distribution problem between salt loss and electrolytes |
| hyperthermia---heat exhaustion | a problem with a loss in volume |
| hyperthermia--heat stroke | usually a response to prolonged elevated environmental temperatures, body temperatures that exceeds 105-105 F |
| osmotic force | excess sodium and urea causes more water in the blodstream(hyperosmolar) |
| oncotic | protein/albumin |
| bronchial asthma manifestations | bronchospasms,edema,mucus production,vary chest tightness,prolonged expiration,fatigue,wheezes,dyspnea.severe and prolonged:respiratory failure. |
| emphysema pathogenesis: | inflammatory process and fibrosis,excessive mucus production,loss of alveolar tissue,loss of ventilation and perfusion. |
| bronchiectasis | coughing,fever,recurrent infections,expectoration of foul-smellimg,purulent sputum,cupfuls. |
| cystic fibrosis | pancreatic insufficiency (malabsorption,stearrhea),lung(thick,mucus,leads to mucus plugs). |
| pulmonary embolism | blood borne substance lodges in branch of pulmonary artery;thrombus;air,fat,amniotic fluid. |
| pulmonary embolism manifestation | abrupt in onset,apprehension,chest pain and dyspnea,distended neck veins,cyanosis,diaphroresis,shock,syncope,mental confusion |
Created by:
ammunoz3
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