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E & P Cells
eukaryotic/prokaryotic cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define: Organelle | "little organs" Compartmentalized internal structures found within the cytoplasm that make up a cell. Occur in a variety of shapes and sizes, and typically carry out specific functions. |
| Define: Ribosome | small granular bodies composed of ribosomal- RNA and protein. Site of protein synthesis. Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80s and include two subunits of 60s and 40s. |
| Define: Histone | homogeneous protein that helps maintain the structural stability of DNA and influence gene expression by binding with DNA in structures called nucleosomes. |
| Define: Glycocalyx | layer found outside the cell wall of certain kinds of bacteria. It can be loose and poorly organized (slime layer) or it can be dense and well organized (capsule). |
| Define: Sporulation | endospores being formed inside of vegetative cells. 1) DNA replicates 2) cell membrane invaginates forming a septum 3) larger protoplast engulfs smaller one 4) peptidoglycan is deposited, forming cortex 5) hydrophobic proteins deposited,forming spore coat |
| (blank) may be defined as the science or study of cells. | cytology |
| Eukaryotic cells contain a large number of membrane bound structures called (blank) that carry out a variety of specific functions. | organelles |
| A complex membranous organelle that serves as a transport system, a site for storage and for lipid synthesis is called (blank) Sometimes this structure is made rough by the presence of small granular bodies called ribosomes. | smooth endoplasmic reticulum. |
| A membranous organelle known as the (blank) is involved in storage, the synthesis of polysaccharides, & the assembly of complex organic compounds. What are it's other functions? | Golgi Complex, transport, packaging and secretion |
| (blank) and (blank) are eukaryotic structures that contain their own DNA, make ATP and are thought to have originated as prokaryotic cells. | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| most microbiologists believe that mitochondria & chloroplasts were originally prokaryotic cells that were taken in by and formed symbiotic relationships with larger eukaryotic cells. What evidence supports this? | they have close loops of DNA (ccc- DNA), 70s ribosomes, and they are damaged by antibacterial drugs. |
| Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain inner membranes that are involved in ATP synthesis. In mitochondria these inner membranes are called (blank) while in chloroplasts they are arranged in flat membranous vesicles called (blank) | cristae, thykaloids |
| Single-celled organisms digest the "food" materials they consume by bringing them into contact with digestive enzymes called (blank). These enzymes are stored within organelles called (blank). | hydrolases, lysosomes |
| Organelles containing enzymes involved in hydrogen peroxide metabolism are referred to as (blank) | peroxisomes |
| Many types of fresh-water protozoa contain osmoregulatory organelles called (blank. These structures serve to pump excess water out of cells. | contractile vesicles |
| Most eukaryotic cells contain man tubular protein complexes called (blank) that provide structural support and allow for intracellular motion. These tubular structures appear to be arranged in a characteristic pattern (9 groups of 2 + 2 in the middle). | microtubules |
| Microtubules are made up of proteins called (blank) arranged in linear strands that can be taken apart or assembled as needed. Microtubule associated proteins such as (blank) & (blank) can move materials along these strands & play a major role in intracel | tubulins, kinesin(+) and dynein(-) |
| Some eukaryotic cells contain cell bodies called (blank) that are made up of micrtubules arranged in 9 groups of 3. These give rise to spindle fibers and aid in chromosome seperation during mitosis and meiosis. | centrioles |
| All single celled eukaryotic microorganisms contain one or more centrally located structures called (blank) that serve to control all cellular activities. The "brains" of the call. | nucleus |
| The protoplasm within these structures is largely composed of a thread-like material called (blank) that is made up of (blank) and protein. | chromatin, DNA |
| A dark staining body within the nucleus is known as the (blank) and serves as the site of (blank) synthesis, and the assembly of 60s and 40s subunits. | nucleoli, r-RNA |
| The cells of most "plant-like" microorganisms (algae & fungi) are surrounded by rigid layers of non-living material known as (blank). What functions do these layers of material serve? | cell walls, (polysaccharides) function= give characteristic shape and provide protection against changes in osmotic pressure and potential predators. |
| Many microorganisms (both prokaryotic & eukaryotic) are motile by means of locomotor structures called (blank). In eukaryotic cells, these structures are surrounded by membrane, contain a cytoskeleton made of (blank) and move w/ whip-like motion. | flagella, microtubules |
| Prokaryotic cells that have flagella distributed fairly evenly all over their cell surfaces are said to have a (blank) flagellar arrangement. If a cell has flagella located at both ends it is said to have a polar or (blank) flagellar arrangement. | peritrichous, amphitrichous |
| Describe 3 ways in which the flagella of prokaryotic cells differ from the flagella of eukaryotic cells. | prokaryotic flagella... 1) not surrounded by the cell membrane 2) not supported by microtubules 3) move in a rotary motion as opposed to whip-like |
| Many types of Gram negative bacteria are covered with thin hair-like structures called (blank) that serve to attach the bacteria to various surfaces including other cells. | fimbriae |
| Gram negative bacteria such as "Escherichia coli" sometimes produce one or more thin, tube-like structures called (blank) from proteins called pillins. These tubes play a role in the cell to cell transfer of DNA. | Pili |
| Structures known as (blnak) or as periplasmic flagella occur within the periplasmic space of spirochete bacteria. | endoflagella or axial filaments |
| A layer of organic material (polysaccharide or protein) found outside the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell is referred to as glycocalyx & mayb be a dense, well organized (blank) or a loosely organized (blank). | capsule, slime layer |
| The glycocalyx is a layer produced only under certain circumstances & may serve a variety of functions. What are these functions? | 1) aid in attachment to smooth surfaces 2) food reservoirs 3) protection 4)increases bacteria's pathogenicity (WBC's ignore capsule forming bacteria) |
| Define: histones | homogeneous proteins associated with linear strands of chromatin. |
| Define: Ribosomes | composed of RNA and protein, are the site of all protein synthesis. |
| Define: Cell Walls | a non-living extracellular layer which provides support and protection |
| Define: Glycocalyx | reservoir of stored food which aids in attachment and pathogenicity. |
| Define: Thykaloids | membranous structures with enzymes for ATP synthesis via photophosphorylation |
| Define: Peroxisomes | contain enzymes involved in hydrogen peroxide metabolism |
| Define: Nucleoid | not bounded by a membrane, contains one circular chromosome. |
| Define: Golgi Complex | primary site of packaging, secretion, and polysaccharide synthesis. |
| Define: Pili | made of protein pilin, allow for attachment and genetic exchange. |
| Define: Plasmids | extrachromosomal loops of DNA carrying genes not essential to cell function |
| Gram positive bacteria have thicker cell walls and are generally more resistant to (blank) than ordinary Gram negative bacteria. The Gram negative cells have an outer membrane associated with their cells and so are more resistant to (blank)than are Gram+ | physical factors, chemical factors |
| The cell membranes of some prokaryotic cells fold inward to form structures known as (blank). These contain enzymes involved in phophorylation and may play a role in cell division. | mesosomes |
| Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that contain membranous vesicles called (blank). These are usually located parallel to the cell membrane, but appear to separate from it. They contain enzymes involved in the formation of (blank). | thykaloids, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| The cytoplasmic region of a prokaryotic cell contains no membrane bound organelles, but does contain ribosomes & a variety of inclusions. (blnak) are inclusions which contain enzymes involved in "fixing" CO2 into organic compounds. | carboxysomes |
| Some bacteria contain cytoplasmic inclusions called (blank) that serve as a source of intracellular phosphate (a sort of energy reserve). Bacteria living in water environments often contain inclusions called gas vacuoles. What function do they serve? | metachromatic granules, regulate buoyancy |
| The chromosome of a prokaryotic cell is not contained within a nucleus w/ a nuclear membrane, but is contained within a region known as the nuclear region or (blank). | nucleoid |
| Some types of Gram positive bacteria produce dormant structures called (blank) which allow these cells to survive periods of unfavorable conditions. These dormant structures are highly resistant to environmental factors such as (blank) | endospores, heat, pressure, radiation, desiccation, and toxic chemicals. |
| Explain how endospores differ from vegetative cells in terms of their composition& function | 1) little or no H2O & metabolically inactive 2) higher levels of DNA & almost no RNA 3) high levels of calcium & dipicolinic acid 4) 2 layers of wall & 2 layers of membrane 5) highly resistant to damage caused by physical factors & toxic chemicals |
| Bacteria in the Bacillus & Clostridium often form dormant structures known as (blank). What is the overall function of these structures? | endospores, allow cells to survive periods of unfavorable conditions |
| Exospores undergo a process called (blank) when they find an environment suitable for their growth, and have been subjected to the proper "triggering" stimuli. | germination |
| Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena often form specialized cell types that carry out specific functions. Specialized cells called (blank) contain enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation. | heterocysts |
| Thick-walled, granular-looking cells called (blank) are highly resistant to cold and desiccation thus allowing bacteria to survive cold winters/dry summers. | Akinetes |
Created by:
marigold8
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