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Immune System chap33
Chapter 33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the meaning of an immune response. | The immune response, a target-specific system of defense, primarily involves the lymphocytes, which are specialized cells that are located in blood and lymphoid tissue. |
| The immune system is a collection of specialized white blood cells and lymphoid tissues that maintain: | immunocompetence |
| Lymphocytes which are either T-Cell or B-Cell lymphocytes comprise | 20% to 30% of all leukocytes. |
| The T-cell lymphocytes are manufactured in the bone marrow and travel to the thymus gland, where they mature to become either: | regulator T cells or effector T cells. |
| Are made up of helper and suppressor cells. | Regulator T cells |
| killer(cytotoxic) cells | Effector T cells |
| Fight infection recognize antigens | Helper T cells (T4) |
| Lymphokines | a type of cytokine, attract neutrophils and monocytes to remove the debris. |
| Suppressor T cells | limit or turn off the immune response in the absence of continued antigenic stimulation. |
| Cell-mediated response | occurs when T cells survey proteins in the body, actively analyze the surface features, and respond to those that differ from the host by directly attacking the invading antigen. |
| B-cell Lymphocytes | mature in the bone marrow and migrate to the spleen and other lymphoid tissues such as the lymph nodes. |
| Phagocytes | are stationary or mobile. |
| Neutrophils | also called microphages because they are small, are present in blood and migrate to tissue as necessary after a cell-mediated response. |
| Monocytes | also called macrophages because they are large are present in tissures such as the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, and peritoneum. |
| The mononuclear phagocyte system was formerly known as the | reticuloendothelial system |
| Lymphoid tissue is also found: | on the surface of the mucous membranes of the intestine, on alveolar memebranes in the lungs, and in the lining of hte sinusoids of the liver. |
| Fives types of immunoglobulins: | IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM. |
| In what ways do immunoglobulins hinger antigens | 1. neutralizing their toxins. 2. linking them together in a process called agglutination. 3. causing them to precipitate, or become solid |
| There are two groups of nonantibody proteins. One group is referred to as the | Complement system and the other is cytokines. |
| Complement system | is made up of many different proteins that are activated in a chain reaction when an antibody binds with an antigen. |
| Proteins cooperate with antibodies to attract phagocytes, coat antigens to make them more recognizable for phagocytosis | A process know as opsonization |
| Cytokines | are chemical messengers released by lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. |
| Subgroups of Cytokines | Interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, and colony-stimulating factors. |
| Interleukins | carry messages between leukocytes and tissues that form blood cells. Ex. Promotion of inflammation and fever. Formation of scar tissue by fibroblasts. Growth and activation of NK cells and additional T cells. Production of mast cells. Growth of Bcells. |
| Interferons | are chemicals that primarily protect cells from viral invasion. They enable cells to resist viral infection and slow viral replication. Administered parenterally. |
| Tumor necrosis (TNF) | A type of cytokine, was discovered, it showed promise as a means of shrinking tumors. |
| Types of immunity | Naturally acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, and passive immunity. |
| Example of Passive immunity | Newborns receiving immunity from their mother. |
| 75% Intravascular and intercellular fluid. Neutralizes bacterial toxins; accelerates phagocytosis | IgG |
| 10% Intravascular serum Agglutinates(clusters) antigens and lyses (dissolves) cell walls | IgM |
| 0.004% Surface of basophils and mast (connective tissue) cells. Promotes release of vasoactive chemicals such as histamines and bradykinin in allergic, hypersensitivity, and inflammatory. | IgE |
| Drugs being used therapeutically to minimize inflammation. | infliximab (Remicade), etanercept(Enbrel), and adalimumab (Humira) are TNF inhibitors |
| Engineered form of human interleukin-2 and is being used as a cancer treatment. | Aldesleukin (rlL2) |
| screens for diseases associated with a deficiency or excess of immunoglobulins. | Protein electrophoresis |
| the inability to mount an immune response. Its commn among AIDS pts. | Anergy |
| Nutrients important in immune system functioning include: | Amino acids such as argine and glutamine; essential fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids; the B vitamins, especially vitamin B6 and folic acid; vitamin A, C, and E; and the minerals copper, iodine, and mg. |
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girlfey
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