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BioTest 09/12
Plant Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plasticity | Organisms ability to mold itself to the environment |
| Morphology | external form |
| Tissue | group of cells with a common function and/or structure |
| Organ | several types of tissues that carry out particular functions together |
| Root system | Non-photosynthetic underground tissue, collects water and nutrients |
| Shoot system | above ground tissue that colleges sunlight and CO2 |
| Roots | anchor, absorb H2O and minerals, and store starch. |
| Taproot system | one main vertical root (stores nutrients in angiosperms) |
| Lateral roots | branch roots off the taproot |
| Fibrous Root system | mat of thin roots spreading out below the surface (seedless vascular and most monocots) |
| Adventitious | any part of the plant that arises from an atypical location |
| Root hair | extension of a root epidermic cell that increases surface area water absorbtion |
| Prop roots | aerial roots that support tall, top-heavy plants, (corn) |
| Storage roots | store water and food (potatoes) |
| strangling aerial roots | germinate on trees and send aerial roots into the ground (kills host eventually) |
| Buttress roots | support tropical trees |
| pneumatophores | roots projecting above the surface in swamps or bogs |
| stem | organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes |
| node | points on stems where leaves attach |
| internode | stem segments between nodes |
| axillary bud | structure formed in the angle formed by each leaf and stem that has the potential to form a lateral shoot (branch)(dormant at first) |
| terminal bud | tissue at the top of a shoot made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes |
| apical dominance | terminal bud concentrates resources for elongation. Axillary buds break dormancy to grow laterally if it is eaten |
| stolens | horizontal roots that grow along the surface (strawberries) |
| bulbs | underground shoots connected to storage leaves (onion) |
| tubers | enlarged rhizome ends for storing food (red potatoes) |
| rhizomes | horizontal stem that grows just below the surface or along the surface (ginger) |
| leaf | main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants |
| Blade | flat part of leaf |
| petiole | joins leaf to node on stem (leaf's "stem") (grasses and other monocots lack petioles) |
| Veins | vascular tissue of leaves |
| tendrils | wraps around objects for support |
| Spines | for protection (cactus) |
| Storage Leaves | store water (ice plant) |
| Bracts | petal shaped leaves that surround a group of flowers (poinsettia) |
| Reproductive leaves | some form adventitious plantlets that fall off and take root |
| Tissue system | one or more tissues organized into a functioning unit connecting the organs of a plant |
| Dermal tissues system | outer protective coating ("skin") |
| Epidermis | non-woody plants: tightly packed cells, single layer coating |
| Periderm | Woody plants: replaces epidermis in older parts |
| Cuticle | a waxy layer in leaves and stems that helps prevent water loss |
| Vascular tissue system | transports materials between roots and shoots |
| Xylem | carries water and minerals from roots to shoots |
| Phloem | transports organic nutrients such as sugars to where they are needed |
| Stele | the collective vascular tissue of a root or stem |
| Vascular cylinder | central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root (stele in angiosperms) |
| vascular bundles | a strand of both xylem and phloem in a stem or leaf |
| ground tissue system | tissues neither vascular nor dermal used for storage, photosynthesis and support |
| pith | ground tissue in vascular bundles of stems |
| Cortex | ground tissue external to vascular tissue |
| Protoplast | contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall |
| Parenchyma Cells | "normal" plant cells, perform most metabolic functions(photosynthesis in leaves) synthesizing/storing organic products, can divide and differentiate into other types of plant cells under special conditions like repair and replacement |
| Collenchyma Cells | fibrous cells, help with support, think primary wall, no secondary wall, provides flexible support without restraining growth, elongate with the organs they support |
| Sclerenchyma Cells | Help with support, rigid, cannot elongate and occur in regions where growing has ceased, dead at maturity(forms dead skeleton) |
| (Types of Sclerenchyma) Sclereids and Fibers | Sclereids are short and irregular, have thick lignified secondary walls, give hardness to nutshells and seed coats. Fibers arranged in long threads (hemp, flax) |
| Water-conducting cells of xylem | Tracheids and Vessel elements: dead, tubular cells. Non-living conduits left after protoplast disintegrates |
| Tracheids | water conducting cells: water moves from cell to cell through pits, where secondary walls are not present |
| Vessel Elements | Water conducting cells: wider, shorter, thinner walled than tracheids, form continuous micropipes called vessels. Water flows through perforations |
| Sugar Conducting Cells of the Phloem | alive, nutrients move through long narrow cells called sieve tubes, which consist of chains of cells called sieve tube members. |
| Sieve plates | end walls between sieve-tube members |
| Companion cell | non-conducting, nucleus and are located in close proximity to sieve-tube cells. They are connected to sieve tube cells by plasmodesmata. |
| indeterminate growth | plants grow as long as they live |
| determinate growth | ceasing growth at a certain size |
| meristems | perpetually embryonic tissue |
| apical meristems | found in root tips and shoot buds, provides cells for lengthening |
| primary growth | growth in length, roots grow out, shoots grow up to capture light and CO2 |
| Herbaceous | non-woody; primary growth produces most or all of plant body |
| secondary growth | increase in girth in stems and roots in woody plants |
| Lateral Meristems | vascular and cork cambium; produce cells to make roots and stems thicker |
| Vascular Cambium | adds secondary xylem(wood) on inside and sec. phloem on outside |
| Cork Cambium | replaces epidermis with periderm |
| Initials | cells that remain sources of new cells in meristems |
| Derivatives | new cells displaced from meristems |
| Primary Plant Body | parts of the roots and shoot systems produced by apical meristems |
| Root cap | cap to protect the apical meristem and lubricates the stem |
| Zone of Cell division | root apical meristems and their derivatives |
| Zone of elongation | root cells elongate and push tip farther into soil |
| Zone of Maturation | cells complete their differentiation and become mature |
| Endodermis | innermost layer of the cortex that forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder |
| Pericycle | outermost layer in the vascular cylinder from which lateral roots arise |
| leaf primordia | finger-like projections along the flanks of apical meristem |
| stomata | holes in the epidermis that allow CO2 exchange |
| Guard Cells | regulate the opening and closing of the stomata. |
| Mesophyll | ground tissue of a leaf; specialized for photosynthesis |
| Palisade Mesophyll | upper part of mesophyll |
| Spongy Mesophyll | lower part of mesophyll, loosely arranged so air can circulate through |
| leaf traces | connections from vascular bundles in the stem |
| Bundle sheath | protective vein cover, one or more layers of parenchyma cells |
| secondary plant body | tissues produced by lateral meristems |
| fusiform initials | produce cells making up xylem and phloem |
| ray initals | produce vascular rays |
| Vascular Rays | living avenues that move nutrients between sec xylem and sec phloem |
| Early Wood | develops early in spring; large diameters and thin cell walls to help with water delivery |
| Late Wood | develops in late summer; has thick cell walls to add support |
| Heartwood | older layers of sex xylem that no longer transfer xylem sap (water and nutrients); close to center, protects the core |
| Sapwood | outer layer of sec xylem that still transports xylem sap |
| Phelloderm | layer of parenchyma cells that forms to the interior of the cork cambium |
| Lenticels | raised areas in bark of stems and roots that enable gas exchange between living cells and outside air |
| Bark | all tissues external to vascular cambium (sec phloem and periderm) |
| Phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or group of species; history can be inferred from morphological and molecular similarities |
| Systematics | analytical approach to understanding the diversity of both present day and extinct organisms |
| Fossil Record | based on the sequence in which fossils have accumulated in layers of sediment called strata |
| Homology | similarity do to shared ancestry; (human hand, bat wing, whale fin) |
| Analogy | similarity due to convergent evolution; called "homoplasies"(butterfly wing, bat wing, bird wing) |
| Taxonomy | ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to asses similarities and differences |
| Binomial | name made up of genus and specific epithet |
Created by:
jcm1994
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