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Chapter Four
Social psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social perception | the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people |
| nonverbal communication | the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words |
| encode | To express or emit nonverbal behavior |
| decode | To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior of other people |
| affect blend | A facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion |
| display rules | Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display |
| emblems | nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture |
| implicit personality theory | a type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together |
| attribution theory | a description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior |
| internal attribution | the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in |
| covariation model | A theory that states that to form an attribution about what causes a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs |
| consensus information | information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does |
| distinctiveness information | information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli |
| consistency information | information about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances |
| correspondence bias | the tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to (matches) their disposition (personality) |
| perceptual salience | the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention |
| two-step process of attribution | analyzing another person's behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviors, after which one may adjust to the original internal attribution |
| actor/observer difference | the tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused but forcing more on the role of situational factors when explaining for one's failures that blame external, situational factors |
| self-serving attributions | explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors |
| defensive attributions | explanations for behavior that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality |
| belief in a just world | a form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people |
| which of the following is an example of multi-channel nonverbal communications | averting one eyes while speaking with a flat tone and twisting on one foot |
| greg has recently taken in a stray dog. if you make an external attribution for greg's behavior, you will conclude that | the dog is probably cute and friendly |
| the perception that our own behaviors are caused by the situation but that others behaviors are dispositionally caused is know as the | actor/observer difference |
| a consequence of our belief in a just world is that we | blame the victime of misfortune |
| facial expression, tone of voice, and the use of touch are all examples of | nonverbal communication |
| Japanese women less often exhibit a wide, uninhibited smile that women in western cultures because Japanese and Western cultures prescribe different | display rules |
| which of the following is an example if an emblem | the okay sign created with the thumb and forefinger |
| research indicates that suppressed emotions are often | leaked via a facial expression or body movement |
| the display of different emotions on different parts of the face is called a(n) | affect blend |
| according to fritz heider, the attribution we make for people's behavior can be either ___or____ | internal;external |
| the study of how we form impressions and make judgments of others is called | social perception |
| the three types of information central to kelleys covariation model are | consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency |
| research on cultural differences in attribution styles indicates that people form individualistic cultures | prefer dispositional explanations of behavior |
| the automatic formation of an internal attribution followed by a situational one given time and effortful thought describes the | two-step process of attribution |
| to express emotions is to ___and to interpret emotions is to____ | encode;decode |
| Lassiter and colleagues presented courtroom judges and police officers with videotaped suspect(actually a confederate) who confessed to a crime. they found that | for both the judges and police officers, the videotape that focused only only the suspect produced significantly higher ratings of voluntariness |
| Which of the following is FALSE regarding implicit personality theories | we are always consciously aware of using implicit personality theories |
| which of the following focus on how we make inferences about the causes of other people's behaviors | attribution theory |
| according to kelleys convariation model, when people use information about whether or not the actor acts the same way toward everyone, not just the target, they are using _____information to make an attribution about the actor's behavior | distinctiveness |
| according to kelleys convariation model, when people use information about whether or not the actor acts the same way toward the target, not just the target, they are using _____information to make an attribution about the actor's behavior | consensus |
| the six major emotions are the first to appear in human development | true |
| Gyekye and Salminen asked industrial workers and their supervisors in Ghana, Africa to assign causality for on the job accidents. Workers blamed__ and supervisors blamed____ | factors in the situation; the workers |
| which of the following is FALSE regarding the 2005 study conducted by kruger et al email communication | participants friends did better at decoding the correct emotion than did complete strangers |
| chinese students are expected to attribute their success to their own intelligence | false |
| when people make___attributions for successes and ___attributions for failures, they are making self-serving attributions | internal;external |
| all of the following are reasons why people make self-serving attributions EXCEPT which one | because we are motivated to be accurate |
| which of the following is a type of defensive attribution | belief in a just a world |
| which of the following is true about the correspondence bias | it is the tendency to believe that ppls behavior match their personalities;it occurs across cultures; ppl in collectivist cultures are most likely to adjust it to take into account situational informational compared to people from individualist cultures |
| taylor and fiskes study on perceptual salience demonstrated that | when participants were facing a speaker in a conversation, they judged that speaker as having more impact on the conversation |
| when they looked at how japanese media described the performance of japanese gold medalists in the 2000 and 2002 olympics, markus et al found that the medalists were described | in broad terms, including the individuals ability but also discussing part success and failures, and the role of other people (such as coaches) had played in the success |
| hare and tomasello have conducted research on the ability of other species to read nonverbal cues they have found that | dogs are adept at reading "dog nonverbals" and human nonverbals |
| children as young as ___months to a year express the six basic emotions with the facial expressions we associate with adults | 6 |
| accoring to research by justin kruger and his colleagues, email writer do not realize to a sufficient extent, the problem caused by loss of nonverbal cues | true |
| in american, we presume that is someone is kind the person is also | generous |
| the convariation model assume that people make causal attributions in a(n) ______ways | rational, logical |
| On 12-1-05 public transportation tributed to rose parks in her honor passengers were asked, via a posted sign on the adjacent window. to leave the seat behind the driver empty. a journalist questions individuals who sat on the seat& found that these ppl | had not seen the sign |
| in the two-step of making attributions, we will engage in the second step if we | consciously slow down and think careful before reaching a judgement; are motivated to reach as accurate a judgement as possible; are suspicious about the behavior of the target person |
| research has indicted that differing cultural values affect the kind of information that people notice and pay attention to | true |
| Amy assumes that her poor grade on an exam is due to the fact that she is working too many hours, but she assumes that the poor grade received by the student next to her is due to laziness and a lack of motivation. amys behavior best illustrates the | actor/observer difference |
| Preliminary research suggests that in culture with extremes of wealth and poverty, just world attributions are | more common than in cultures where wealth is more evenly distributed |
| external attributions | the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the person |
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