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PharmIII
Pharmacologic Principles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | Study or science of drugs |
| Drug names | Chemical name. Generic name. Trade name. |
| Pharmaceutics | Study of how various drug forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities |
| Pharmacokinetics | What the body does to the drug: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion |
| Pharmacodynamics | What the drug does to the body. (Mechanism of drug actions in living tissues) |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | Use of drugs and clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases: Emirical therapeutics-based on experience; Rational therapeutics |
| Pharmacognosy | Study of natural (plant and animal) drug sources |
| Absorption | Rate at which drug leaves its site of administration, and the extent of which absorption occurs |
| Bioavailability | How much usable (active) drug makes it to the target tissue |
| Factors that affect absorption | Foods or fluids administered with drug; dosage formulation; status of absorptive surface; rate of blood flow to small intestine; acidity of stomach; status of GI motility |
| Route of administration | Enteral (GI tract); parenteral; topical; oral; sublingual; buccal; rectal (can also be topical) |
| First-pass effect definition | Metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver into circulation |
| First-pass effect routes | Parenteral; IV; intramuscular; subcutaneous; intradermal; intraarterial; intrathecal; intraarticular |
| Topical route | Skin; eyes; eyes; ears; nose; lungs (inhalation); rectum; vagina |
| Distribution definition | Transport of a drug in the body by bloodstream to site of action |
| Distribution | Protein binding; water soluble, fat soluble; blood brain barrier; rapid distribution areas-heart, lungs, kidneys, brain; slow distribution areas-muscle, skin, fat |
| Metabolism definition | Biochemical transformation of drug into inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, or a more potent metabolite |
| Metabolism (Organs) | Liver (main); skeletal muscle; kidneys; lungs; plasma; intestinal mucosa |
| Causes of decreased metabolism | Cardiac dysfunction; renal insufficiency;starvation; obstructive jaundice; slow acetylator; erythromycin or ketoconazole drug therapy |
| Causes of increased metabolism | Fast acetylator; barbiturate and rifampin therapy |
| Affects of delaying drug metabolism | Accumulation of drugs; prolonged action of drugs-drug toxicity; |
| Excretion definition | Elimination of drugs from the body |
| Excretion organs | Kidneys (main); liver; bowel; biliary excretion; enterohepatic recirculation |
| Half-life | The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body (Most drugs considered to be effectively removed after about five half-lives) |
| Movement of drugs in body | Drug actions: cellular process involved in the drug and cell interaction; Drug effect: physiological reaction of the body to the drug; |
| Onset | Time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response |
| Peak | Time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum potential |
| Duration | The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response |
| Therapeutic drug monitoring | Peak and trough levels |
| Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of action | Receptor interaction-how drug binds to cell membrane receptor; Enzyme interactions-drug inhibits (more commonly) or enhances action of enzyme; Nonselective interactions |
| Pharmacotherapeutics: Types of therapy | Actue; maintenance; supplemental/replacement; palliative; supportive; prophylactic; empiric; |
| Contraindications | Any characteristic of the patient, especially a disease state, that makes the use of a given drug dangerous to them. ***Be sure to assess for contraindications! |
| Monitoring | Effectiveness of drug therapy must be evaluated. Must be familiar with both: Intended therapeutic action (beneficial) and Unintended and potential adverse affects (predictable, adverse reactions) |
| What to monitor | Therapeutic index; drug concentration; patient's condition; tolerance and dependence; interactions |
| Therapeutic index | Ratio of drug's toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefit |
| Tolerance | Decreasing response to repeated drug doses |
| Dependence | Physiologic or psychological need for a drug |
| Additive effect | 1 + 1 = 2 |
| Synergistic effect | 1 + 1 = 3 |
| Antagonistic effect | 1 + 1 = less than 2 |
| Adverse effects definition | Predictable, well known reactions that may result in little or no change in patient management. Occurrences are related to size of dose |
| Adverse drug reactions | Hypersensitivity (allergic reactions); idiosyncratic reaction; drug interaction; |
| Other drug related effects | Teratogenic: results in fetal defects; Mutagenic: changes in genetic composition; Carcinogenic: cancer causing |
| Four main sources for drugs | Plants; animals; Minerals; Laboratory synthesis |
| Toxicology | Study of poisons and unwanted responses to drugs and other chemicals |
| Category A | Studies indicate no risk for human fetus |
| Category B |
Created by:
maggardba
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