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Chapter 4

QuestionAnswer
Isomers variation in the structure of organic molecules with the same molecular formula
3 types of isomers Structural isomers, geometric isomers, enantiomers. Their different structures lead to different functions.
Structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms, change in distribution of atoms around the carbon chain. Can be formed by exchanging two non-similar functional groups anywhere on the chain.
Geometric isomers differ in their spatial arrangement around a C=C bond. Only with double bonds because rotation is not possible around double bonds.
Enantiomers Must be built out of four different atoms built around an assymetric (chiral) carbon. Formed by changing the adjacent two atoms on a chiral carbon.
Trans opposite/accross the carbon chain.
Sis on the same side of the carbon chain.
Functional groups groups of atoms frequently attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules.
Hydroxyl Group -OH Alcohols (including sugars) Polar due to oxygen's electronegativity
Carbonyl C=O aldehyde-carbonyl group at end of carbon chain, paired with an H ketone-carbonyl group nested inside the carbon chain
Carboxyl -COOH Tends to act as an acid and donate H+ by ionizing into -COO- and H+
Amino group -NH2 Amines (nitrogen containing) Tends to act as a base by ionizing with water to form NH3+ OH-
Sulfhydryl group -SH Important for protein stabilization by formation of S-S bridges
Phosphate Group -PO4^(2-) Goes into ATP (cell fuel) Usually very reactive because of extreme polarity. The extra 2 oxygens are dying for electrons and passing them around. It WANTS electrons
Created by: hwirth19
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