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Cardio One
Acute Cornary Syndromes & Valvular Heart Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Insufficient oxygen supply to myocardium | Ischemia |
| Ischemia that is prolonged causing irreversible tissue damage | Infarction |
| Measures time of conduction | EKG |
| Difference between unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction | One is an imbalance resulting in spasms, whereas the oher is usually a result of an occlusion |
| What is: provide pain relief, decrease oxygen demand, increase myocardial oxygen supply | Acute pain interventions |
| Rx that decreases oxygen demand on heart by decreasing afterload (antidysrhythmic & antihypertensive) | Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta-blocker) |
| Rx that decreases vasconstriction by decreasing afterload | Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockers |
| Reduces preload and afterload, dilates cornonary arteries, increases myocardial oxygen supply, and reduces oxygen consumption | Nitroglycerin |
| What is: cold, clammy skin; poor peripheral pulses; agitation, restlessness, confusion; pulmonary congestion; tachypnea; continuing chest discomfort | Cardiogenic Shock |
| Valve of higher pressure that allows for flow of oxygenated blood to the body | Aortic semilunar valve |
| Largest veins in your body that carry oxygen-poor blood back to right atrium | Superior and inferior vena cava |
| Valve that pumps oxygen-poor blood to your lungs | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Contraction when right and left ventricles fill with blood | Ventricular systole |
| Valve between left atrium and left ventricle | Mitral valve |
| As the atrium fills with blood, it contracts | Atrial systole |
| Filling of ventricles | Preload |
| Pressure of blood leaving the heart | Afterload |
| What is: hypoxia, pain, fatigue, activity intolerance | Decreased perfusion |
| Valve leaflets become stiff, chordae tendineae shorten, narrowing the valve opening | Mitral Stenosis |
| Blood flow across the valve reduced during left atrium contraction | Diastolic murmur |
| Mitrial and Tricuspid valves closed | Systole |
| Pulmonary and Arotic valves closed | Diastole |
| Valve leaflets do not close completely and blood leaks backwards | Mitral regurgitation |
| Blood flows backwards during left ventricle contraction | Systolic murmur |
| Thickening, enlargement, and redundancy of the valve leaflets and chordae | Mitral valve prolapse |
| Valve orifice narrows and blood flow reduced | Aortic stenosis |
| Afterload increased during left ventricle contraction | Systolic murmur |
| Blood flows across the valve during left ventricle filling | Diastolic murmur (aortic regurgitation) |
| Determined by preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate | Cardiac output |
| Amount blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction | Stroke volume |
| Degree to which muscle fibers are lengthened prior to contraction | Preload |
| As preload increases, so does the end diastolic pressure which increases the force of ventricular contraction | Starling Law |
| Increase circulating volume, venous constriction | Increased preload |
| Hypovolemia, Mitral stenosis, Vasodilators, cardiac tamponade | Decreased preload |
| Initial resistance that must be overcome by the ventricles to develop force and contract, opening the semilunar valves and propelling blood | Afterload |
| Hypovolemia, Sepsis, Arterial vasodilators | Decreased afterload |
| Aortic stenosis, hypertension, Peripheral arteriolar vasoconstriction, Arterial vasoconstritor drugs, Polycythemia | Increased Afterload |
| Percentage of blood in the ventricle ejected with every beat | Ejection fraction |
| Rx prevents clots from forming in blood vessels and in the heart | Warfarin (Coumadin) |
| Rx often used for Acute Coronary Syndrome because of the short half life; prevents clots when patient known to have stenosis | Heparin |
| Highest pressure to Lowest pressure | Left to Right |
Created by:
rcnauful
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