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bio 122 2
chap 15 CV system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how much blood does the heart pump a day | 7000 liters |
| the BV make up 2 different circuits | pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit |
| what makes up the CV system | the BVs and the heart |
| what type of pump is the hear t | a double pump |
| heart : how many chambers are there | 4 |
| what chambers pump blood away from the heart | the ventricles |
| heart: what side receives deoxygenated blood from the body | the R side |
| heart: what side of the heart receives blood from the lungs | the L side |
| def of pulmonary circulation | R side of the heeart receives deoxygenated blood from all over the body and pumps it via the pulmonary arteries to the lungs where the blood picks up oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide. the oxygenated blood then returns to the L atrium by pulmonary vein. |
| where does the exchange of blood and body tissue take place | the cappilaries |
| fetal heart: where does oxygenated blood come from | the placenta |
| fetal heart: the oxygenated blood is transferred from the pulmonary circuit to the systemic circuit through what two bypasses | the foramen ovale between the R and L atria, and ductus arteriousus between pulmonary artery and aorta |
| fetal heart: where is the foramen ovale located | between the r and L atria |
| fetal heart: where is the ductus arteriousus located | opening between teh pulmonary artery and aorta |
| how is the heart beat initiated ` | when a wave of conttraction spread out from the SA node across the atria |
| what is known as the pacemaker of the heart | the SA node |
| what is the term that denotes the contraction of the heart; the relaxation | systole, diastole |
| where is the heart located | in the thoracic space - mediastinum, medial to lungs |
| def of pericardial sac | aka pericardium a covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels the which it attaches. |
| pericardium: def of fibrous pericardium | tough protective sac largely composed of dense connective tissue that surrounds the more delicate serous membrane |
| pericardium: def of visceral pericardium | aka the epicardium,innermost layer of the serous membrane and it covers the heart at the base of the heart it turns back on itself to become the pariatal |
| pericardium: def of parietal pericardium | the inner lining of the fibrous pericardium |
| pericardium: what are the two layers of the serous membrane | the periatal and the visceral |
| def of the pericardial cavity | the space between the visceral and the parietal pericardium that contains a small amount of serous fluid for lubrication. |
| what are the 3 layers of teh heart wall | epicardium, myocardium, endocaridum |
| heart wall: def of epicardium | outer layer of heart wall, made of connective tissue covered by epithelium (which is part of the visceral pericardium |
| heart wall: def of myocardium | middle layer, thick cardiac muscle |
| heart wall: endocardium | the inner layer, it is an epithelial lining of the heart that continues out into the vessels as endothelium |
| heart chambers: what is the plural name for atrium | atria |
| heart chambers: what is the upper chambers of the heart | atria |
| heart chambers: whatis the lower chambers of the heart | vetnricles |
| heart chambers: what chambers have an auricle on it | atria |
| valves: def of AV valve | atroventricular and it connects the atria to ventricles |
| def of septum | a partition or divider that separates the R side of heart from left side |
| def od sulci | indentation |
| what marks the chambers from the ouside | the atrioventricular sulcus that encircles the heart and the inervetricular sulcus that separates the ventricels |
| def of pericarditous | inflamation of the serous membrane |
| def of tricuspid vealve | this connects the R atrium to the R ventricle (allows deoxygenated blood to flow through ) |
| def of mitral valve | the bicuspid valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle and contains to cusps, carries oxygenated blood |
| what valve do problems occur the most | mitral valve |
| def of mitral valve prolapse | when the valve buldges back up into the atrium and the blood backflows |
| def of papillary muscles ; what are they attacehd to | spring like muscles attached to the myocardium; the chordae tendineae |
| defof chordae tendineae | tough connective tissue cords connecting the papillary muscles to the valve flaps, they do not stretch |
| def of pulmonary semilunar lalve | has 3 flaps at end of pulmonary artery that prevents blood flowign back into the heart when heart is relaxed |
| def of aortic semilunar vlave | at the end of the aorta and prevents blood back flow to L ventricle |
| def of heart skeleton | these are bands or rings of dense fibrous Ct surrounding the heart where the valves are, it gives place to anchor the valve and makes shure the heart rebounds to its normal shape after contracting |
| what receives the first batch of oxygenated blood once leaving the heart through the aorta | the heart itself |
| what branches off just above the aortic valve of teh aorta | the R and L coronary arteries |
| R coronary artery: what are the two major vessesls it branches to | posterior interventricular artery and the marginal artery |
| def of the psterior interventricular artery | lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus, behind the heart and supplies the back side of bothe the right and left vetricles |
| def of the marginal artery | the passes along the lower border of the heart and supplies the walls of the right atrium andventricle |
| L coronary artery: what are the two major vessesls it branches to | circumflex and anterior interventricular artery |
| def of circumflex artery | it curls arounf the heart following the atrioventricular sulcus between the left atrium and ventricle, supplies the left atrium and ventricle |
| def of anterior interventricular artery | the left descending artery lies between teh L and Right bentricles and supplies both with blood |
| when is blood flow the greatest in teh coronary vessels | between contractions |
| the apex of the heart is located at what intercostal space | 5th |
| right atrium receives blood from where | the inferior and superior vena cava and coronary sinus |
| the coronary sinus drains blood from where | the heart |
| L atrium receives blood from where | the pulmonary veins (fresh blood from teh lungs) |
| what chamber has the most muscle | L ventricle the work horse of the heart |
| during the cardiac cycle what happens to the pressure in the heart chambers | it rises and falls |
| atrial pressure: when does it increase | as blood enters from the body and lungs |
| atrial pressure: when does it fall/decrease | as the ventricles contract, increasing ventricular pressure which slams the mitral and tricuspid valves shut |
| when does ventricular pressure rise | when the ventricles contract |
| when ventricular pressure rises what valve are forced shut | the mitral and tricuspid valve (av valves) |
| when the mitral and tricuspid valve shut the blood is then forces to where | the aorta and pulmonary artery |
| what valves are critical in directing blood flow during changes in pressure | the AV valves |
| heart sounds: what is the Lub sound | the AV valves closing when ventricles contract |
| heart sounds: what is the dud sound | the semilunar valves closing and the ventricles relaxing |
| def of a murmur | the sound heart when some blood washes back into the atria b/c the av valves do not close properly |
| def of valvular stenosis | hardening of the valve |
| cardiac muscle fibers: def of functional syncytium | many cardiac muscles connected to branching networks that function as a unit |
| functional syncytium: what are the names of the 2 | atrial and ventricular |
| functional syncytium: where do they connect ; why? | in the floor of the R atrium so they can spread to the ventricles |
| cardiac conduction system: this is a combo of what | muscle groups and nerve fibers |
| cardiac conduction system: what is known as the pacemaker of the heart | the SA node |
| cardiac conduction system: SA node stands for what | the sino-atrial node |
| cardiac conduction system: def of SA node | pacemaker of heart, small mass specialized ,muscle cells just beneath the epicardium on the back wall of the right atrium |
| cardiac conduction system: the muscle cells of the SA node are capable of exciting ____; w/o what | eachother ; imput from the nervous system |
| cardiac conduction system: the impulse from the SA node travels where; this causes what to contract | the atrial syncytium; the atria to contract |
| cardiac conduction system: AV node stands for what | the atrioventricular node |
| cardiac conduction system: def of the AV node | small mass of specialized cells on floor of right atrium near septum, located beneath the endocardium so it is deeper than the SA node. fibers smaller than SA node so speed of impulse slows down and causes delay in contractions of atria and ventricles. |
| cardiac conduction system: are the fibers into the AV node smaller or larger than SA node; this causes what | smaller; the imoulse to slow down and contractions between atria and ventricles to be delayed |
| cardiac conduction system: where is SA node located in heart | beneath epicardium on back wall of R atrium |
| cardiac conduction system: where is AV node located | floor of right atrium near septum |
| cardiac conduction system: def of atrioventricular bundle; other names for it | runs off the AV node into larger fibers and enters upper part of the interventricular spetum where it divides into right and left branches called purkinje fibers ; bundle of HIS |
| cardiac conduction system: the bigger the fibers the faster or slower the impulse | faster |
| cardiac conduction system: when does the R and L bundle branches change names to the purkinje fibers | half way down the interventricular septum |
| cardiac conduction system: def of purkinje fibers | fibers that run through the cardiac wall down to the apex of the hear,then curve around the tip and back up over the various sheets of cardiac muscle they connect to the ventricular syncytium, results in the ventricular walls to contract in a twist motion |
| cardiac conduction system: what part of system connects to the atrial syncytium; the ventricular syncytium? | the SA node; the purkinje fibers |
| cardiac conduction system: when the purkinje fibers connect to the ventricular syncytium the ventricular walls contract in a twisting motion; why? | to force blood up and out of the ventricles (to pulmonary trunk or aorta) |
| def of electrocardiogram; abrev. for it ; how are the various stages named | a process of recording electrical changes in the cardiac cycle; ECG; waves |
| electrocardiogram: def of the P wave | the depolarization of atrial fibers that lead to a contraction |
| electrocardiogram: def of the QRS complex | made of the Q wave, R wave and S wave |
| electrocardiogram: def of the T wave | repolarization of the ventricles |
| cardiac control center: where is it located in the brain | in the medulla oblongata |
| autonomic nervous system: what does the parasympathetic nervous system do to heart; what does sympathetic system do to heart | inhibits and slows down the action of the SA and AV nodes in the heart; connects to the SA and AV nodes to speed up the heart activity |
| stretch receptors: it detects the difference in ____ | BP |
| stretch receptors: as BP increases, what sends an impulse to where ; this causes the heart to slow down or increase speed | the baroceptor sends impulse to the cardiac center ; slow down |
| stretch receptors: the slowing down of the heart causes the change in the rate and force of what; thus decreases what | the contraction; BP |
| stretch receptors: where are barorecpters located; stretch receptors | aortic arch; vena cava |
| stretch receptors: stretch receptors in ______ send impulses to _____ ; to increase or decrease ; the rate of what | vena cava; cardiac center; increase; the rate and force of a contraction which will decrease the pressure in the vena cava |
| stretch receptors: increases the rate and force of the contraction decreases the pressure where | in the vena cava |
| proprioceptors are located where; what do they do | in the muscles; notify the cardiac center of increased physical activity to increase heart rate |
| what 2 ions have particulary influence on the heart rate | calcuim and potassium |
| excess potassium is called ___; this can slow or increase heart rater; this causes what | hyperlakemia; slow heart rater; cardiac arrest |
| too little potassium is called _____; this causes what | hypokalemia; abnormal heart rhythm, arrythmias |
| def of hypercalcemia; this can cause what | to much calcium; prolonged contractions |
| def of hypocalcemia; this can cause what | too little calcium; depressed heart action |
| where does exchange of nutrients and other substances take place | in the capillaries |
| artierioles are just smaller ____, venules are just smaller ____ | arteries; veins |
| arteries and veins are made of three layers called ___ | tunics |
| inner tunic of BV: aka; made of what; it secretes what ; what kind of charge does it have | tunica intima; single layer squamous epithelium called endothelium; antithrombin which keeps blood from clotting ; slight positive |
| middle tunic of BV: aka; made of what; has what that helps maintain BP | tinica media; smooth muscle; elastic fibers |
| outer tunic of BV: aka; made of what; this layer attaches the vessel to what | tunica adentitia; lots of connective tissue; surrounding tissue |
| what causes vasoconstriction or dilation | impulses from the sympathetic nervous system can cause a vessel to constrict or enlarge depending on what is needed at the moment |
| def of arteriovenous shunts ; often used when | a bypass connection between arterioles and venules to bypass cappilary; to conserve heat |
| vaso means what | vessel |
| do arteries or veins have more muscle | arteries |
| what is the smallest vessel | capillaries |
| capillaries: made of what | endothelium |
| capillaries: what does semipermiability mean | openings in different sizes between where endothelial cells overlap |
| def of blood brain barrier | there is a resistance to the passage of some substances through the capillaries in the brain, can keep certain drugs out |
| different tissues have different oxygen demands this results in what | some areas of body have more capillaires serving them than others |
| as example what places in body need more oxygen; what need less | msucels nerves; cartiledge, epithelium, cornea |
| precapillary sphincter: def ; what does it do | band of smooth muscle surrounding the capillary and the entrance; can contract or relax depending on the blood demand |
| what is the function of capillaries | nutrient exchagne |
| exchange in capillaries: nutrients move in what 3 ways | diffusion, filtration and osmosis |
| exchange in capillaries: what moves the greatest amount of material | diffusion |
| exchange in capillaries: def of diffusion | occurs because the difference in concentration of materials on either side of a membrane |
| exchange in capillaries: diffusion- what is usually high in dissolved particles; is there at first an outward of inward movement in beginning of capillary | blood; outward |
| exchange in capillaries: diffusion- what happens at the end of the capillary | it is reverse b/c the concetrations of wastes and co2 are high so there is a general movement inward |
| exchange in capillaries: diffusion- what always stays in the blood; why; name them | plasma proteins; too large to leave therough pores; globulin, albumins, fibrinogen |
| exchange in capillaries: filtration- def; hydrostatic pressure aka | process of forcing molecule s through the membrane by hydrostatic pressue ; BP |
| exchange in capillaries: filtration- pressure is the greatest at what end of capillary | the arteriole end |
| exchange in capillaries: the greater the osmotic pressure means the greater the what? | dissolved particles |
| exchange in capillaries: osmosis- where is the hydrostatic pressure the highest in the BV; where is it the lowerst | the arteriole end; the venule end |
| exchange in capillaries: osmosis- where is the osmotic pressure the greatest; where is it the least | the venule end; arteriole end |
| exchange in capillaries: so at the arteriole end the net movement of fluid is where | out of the blood capillary |
| exchange in capillaries: so at the venule end the net movement of fluid is where | back into the blood capillary |
| exchange in capillaries: does more fluid leave or stay in the blood capillary | leave |
| exchange in capillaries: what will pick up the excess fluid that does not return to the blood capillary | the lymphatic vessels |
| veins: the structure is similar to what, how many layers; what layer is smaller than that of an artery; what is the largest layer ; are they less or more elastic than arteries ; what do they have in them to prevent backflow | arteries; 3; the tunica media; the outer layer ; less ; valves |
| veins: why do veins have valves | to prevent backfloow b/c there is no hydrostatic pressure |
| veins: why are they considered blood reservoirs? | b/c 60-70% of our blood is in our veins |
| blood pressure: def ; what factors influence it | the force exerted on the inner walls of the vessel due to the contraction of the heart ; heart action, blood volume, resistance to flow and viscosity of the blood |
| factors that influence BP: heart action- too large blood volume causes the BP to go up or down, too little blood volume causes BP to go up or down | up; down |
| factors that influence BP:def of stroke volume; what is the average stroke volume | the amount of blood moved with each contraction; 70ml |
| factors that influence BP: how is cardiac output determined | stroke volume x heart beats per minute (i.e. 70ml x 72bpm= 5,040 ml which is about 5 liter) |
| factors that influence BP: blood volume- how many liters of blood do we have; if blood volume increases there is no room in peripheral blood so is there greater or lesser force on the vessel during relaxation; what will this do to the diastolic number | 5;greater; increase it |
| factors that influence BP: blood volume- what happens to the force of the contraction if it is too low; this increases what BP reading | the force of the contraction increases; it increases |
| factors that influence BP: peripheral resistance- this is caused by what; the increase in this will increase what | friction between the blood and walls of the vessel; BP |
| factors that influence BP: viscosity- def; when does BP increase with this | the ease in which molecules flow past each other; as the viscosity of the blood increases so does BP |
| the control of BP consists of 2 factors | ccardiac output and peripheral resistance |
| control of BP: cardiac output depends on the volume of blood discharged from where with each contraction; this volume being discharged must also equal the amount entering where | the Left ventricle; the R atrium from the vena cava |
| venous blood flow: this depends on what 3 factors | contracting skeletal muscles which squeeze the veins, respiratory movements that increase and decrease pressure in different places to move blood, constriction on the veins themselves |
| venous blood flow: central venous pressure- this is the pressure located where?; this also determines the pressure where; what happens to venous pressure if the blood is moving too slowly through the heart ; why | in the R atrium; in the peripheral vessels; the venous pressure will increase because the blood is backed up |
| pulmonary circuit: def ; what happens when the blood is in the lungs | the movement of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and then the blood comes together in 4 large veins and returns to the L atrium of the heart; it spreads out into the lung capillary bed where gas exchange takes place |
| systemic circuit: def | oxygenated blood from the L atrium goes into the L ventricle and is forced to all parts of the body when the heart contracts, it is broken down into a capillary bed where gas and nutrient exchange takes place, then cap. turn to veins and go R side heart |
| what constitutes the skeleton of the heart | the fibrous rings together with other masses of dense connective tissue in the portion of the septum between the ventricles |
| what supplies blood to the heart itself | the left and right coronary arteries |
| heart: the atria contracts when what relaxes ; atria contracting is aka; ventricles relaxing is aka | the ventricles ; atrial systole; ventricular diastole |
| heart: when the ventricles contract what relaxes | the atria |
| cardiac cycle: what occurs in atrial systole and ventricular diastole- where does the blood flow; what valves are open and what are closed; what chambers are relaxed; what pressure increases | passively to the ventricles; the AV valves open the semilunar close; ventricles; ventricular pressure increases |
| cardiac cycle: what occurs in ventricular systole and atrial diastole- where does the blood flow; what valves are open and what are closed; what chambers are relaxed; what pressure increases | into the pulmonary trunk and aorta and the atria; the semilunar valves are open and the av valves are closed; the atria is relaxed; |
| heart: the chordae tendinae prevent what | the cusps of the valves from bulging too far into the atria |
| heart sounds: a heart beat sounds like what; | lubb dubb |
| heart sounds: the lubb sound- is this the 1st or 2nd sound; occurs when; what valves are closing | 1st; ventricular systole; the av valves are closing |
| heart sounds: the dubb sound- is this the 1st or 2nd sound; occurs when; what valves are closing | 2nd; ventricular diastole; the semilunar valves are closing |
| def of a murmer | abnormal heart sound from the cusps not closing completely |
| cardiac conduction system: list it in order | SA node; atrial syncytium; AV node; AV bundle; bundle Branches; purkinje fibers; ventricle syncytium |
| ECG: p wave stands for what | atrial depolarization |
| ECG: the QRS complex stands for what | ventricular depolarization |
| ECG: the T wave stands for what | ventricular repolarization |
| what node controls the heart rate | the SA node |
| do arteries or veins carry blood with high pressure | arteries |
| arterial BP: it rises when; it falls when ; def of systolic pressure; def of diastolic pressure | when the ventricles contract; the ventricles relax; the maximum pressure during ventricular contraction; minimum pressure when the ventricles relax |
| an increase on central venous pressure can cause blood to back up into the peripheral veins causes what | edema |
| pulmonary circuit: sends oxygendepleted blood to where | the lungs |
| pericardial cavity: the fluid reduces friction where | between the pericardial membrane as teh heart moves within them |
| def of pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium due to viral or bacterial infection produces adhesions that attach the layers of the pericardium |
| what are the 3 heart wall layers | the epi, myo and endo cardium. |
| the endocardium forms a protective inner lining of what | the chambers and valves of the heart |
| def of chordae tendineae | the attach to the cusps of the av valves and originate from the papillary muscle, they prevent the cusps from swining backward into the atrium |
| where is papillary muscle found | in the ventricles |
| def of mitral valve prolapse | one of both cusps of the mitral valvestreches and bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, sometimes blood regurgitates into the L atrium |
| name the flow of blood through the heart (body to body) | systemic blood, vena cava, R atrium, tricuspid valve, R ventricle, pulmonary vavle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, L atrium, mitral valve, L ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, blood to body |
| def of angina ; when does it occur | thrombus that blocks or narrows coronary artery branch produces pain; physical activity when o2 exceeds supply |
| from the L ventricle where does the fresh 02 blood go to first | the heart itself |
| Right coronary artery branches into what | posterior interventricular artery, marginal artery |
| left coronary artery branches into what | circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery |
| the series of events that constitute a complete heart beat is what | the cardiac cycle |
| in diastole the pressure difference in the atria and ventricles causes what to open | the AV valves to open and the ventricles to fill |
| def of functional syncytium | a mass of merging cells that act as a unit |
| what "coordinates" the events of the cardiac cycle | the cardiac conduction system |
| how does the cardiac imulse travel through the myocardium | it goes from cell to cell via gap junctions |
| does the fibrous skeleton conduct cardiac impulses | no |
| the muscle fibers in the ventricular walls form what shape ; what happens when the impulse stimulates these muscle through the purkinje fibers | irregular whorls ; the ventricular walls contract with a twisting motion |
| the twisting motion of the ventricles help squeeze blood up to where | aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| ecg: what is the movement of waves in order | P, QRS complex, and T |
| what ends the ecg | the T wave |
| what does acetylcholine do | it decreases SA and AV nodal activity thus decreasing Heart rate |
| baroreceptors can detect change in what | BP |
| what does rise in body heat normally do | increase heart rate |
| BV: the endothelial lining smoothness provides a nice surface for what | to allow blood cells and platelets to flow through w/o being damged |
| what makes up the bulk of the arterial wall ; why | the muscle layer ; this connective tissue gives the vessel a tough elasticity that enables it to with stand the force of blood pressure and at the same time stretche to accomidate the sudden increase in blood volume from ventricular contraction |
| def of vasovorum | minute vessels found in the outer layer of the arteries that gives rise to capillaries and provide bloodto the more external cellsof artery wall |
| changes in the diameter of the arteries and arterioles greater influence what | blood flow and BP |
| arterioles branch into what | metaerterioles |
| sometimes metarterioles connect toe venules, this bypasses what ; what is the name for this | the capillaries; arteriorventricular shunts |
| capillaries are extensions of the inner lining of what | the arterioles |
| capillaries: composed of a single layer of what | simple squamous epithelium |
| capillaries: the denser the capillary network means what; where inbody has a denser capillary network | the higher the tissue rate of metabolism ; muscle, nerve tissue |
| precapillary sphinter: it encircles where | the capillary entrance |
| diffusion: blood entering systemic capillaries have high concentration of what; these substances diffuse to where | the tissues |
| filtration: what provides the hydrostatic pressure needed to force molecules through the capillary wall | when the ventricle walls contract |
| BP: why does it decrease as the distance from the heart increases | b/c of the friction/ peripheral resistance between the blood and the vessel wall |
| what creates osmotic pressure; this pressure draws fluid where | the prescence of impermeable solutes on one side of the cell membrane (plasma proteins); into the capillaries |
| colloid osmotic pressure | name that solely refers to osmotic effect from the plasma proteins |
| capillary BP favors filtration or osmotic pressure | filtration |
| why does more fluid leave the capillary | b/c the net inward pressure at the venular ends of the capillaries is less than the net outward pressure at teh arteriolar ends of the capillaries |
| what has a larger lumen veins or arteries | veins |
| veins: when are the valves pushed closed | when the blood begins to back up in a vein |
| vein: why is it useful that the vein is a blood reservoir | in times of blood loss venous contriction can maintain bp and return more blood to the heart |
| def of varicose veins | abnormal dilation and irregular dilation in the superficial vein of the legs |
| def of stroke volume | the amount of blood pumped through the heart in a single beat |
| venous blood flow: how does exercise increase the return of blood to the heart | the skeletal muscles contract to increase the return of blood flow |
| where is gas exchanged in the lungs | in the alveolar capillaries |
| def of pulmonary edema | when the lungs fill with fluid caused by failing left vetricle or damaged mitral valve |
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jmkettel
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