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Bio Chapter 1 Test
Chapter 1 and AP Focus 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fungi belong to this domain | Eukarya |
| What are fungi | Hterotrophic secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing nutrients |
| Fungi grow in thin filaments called | Hyphae (singular hypha) |
| Mycelium | An aggregated mass of hyphae |
| All fungis cell walls contain | A nitrogenous carbohydrate called chitin |
| If a filaments compartment contails multiple nuclei it is called ?, one nucleus it is ?, two nuclei it is called ? | Coencytic, monokaryotic, dikaryotic |
| Saprobe fungi | break down dead organic matter |
| Parasitic fungi | may have specialized hyphae called haustoria that penetrate their host |
| Fungi spend most of their life as a ? but often go ? temporarily as a component of sexual reproduction | Haploid, diploid |
| Steps of sexual reproduction in fungi | #1 Plasmogomy #2 Karyogomy #3 Meiosis |
| Plasmogomy | the fusing of hyphae from two different strains to form a dikaryotic hypha |
| Karyogomay | the two nuclei fuse into one diploid nucleus |
| Meiosis | the nucleus splits forming haploid daughter cells which form spores that can form new hyphae |
| Major fungi groups | #1 Zygomycota #2 Ascomycota #3 Basidiomycota #4 Deuteromycota |
| Zygomycota | reproduce sexually through zygospores |
| Example of zygomycota | Bread mold |
| Ascomycota | reproduce sexually through ascospores with eight haploid spores per sac called an ascus |
| Example of ascomycota | Yeast, powdery milder, truffles |
| Basidiomycota | (club fungi) reproduce sexually through basidia with four haploid spores per sac |
| Example of basidiomycota | Mushrooms, breakcet fungi |
| Deuteromycota | (imperfect fungi) haven't been observed reporducing sexually |
| Example of deuteromycota | Penicillium |
| Lichens | between a fungus and an algal protest or photosynthetic bacterium such as cyanobacteria |
| The autotroph provided ? and the fungus provides ? and ? from the enviroment | Carbohydrates from photosynthesis, water and shelter |
| Lichens come in three basic formats called ?, ?, and ? | Crustose, foliose, and fruticose |
| Lichens produce | pigments to shield themselves from UV radiation or excess light |
| Lichens form | toxins to prevent herbivores from grazing |
| Lichens are bioindicators of | air pollution |
| Lichens spread through specialized structures called | soredia |
| Mycorrhizae | fungi living in the roots of plants |
| Mycorrhize enhance plants ability to obtain | minerals such as nitrogen and phosphorous (helped plants move from aquatic habitiats to land) |
| Hierarchial classification of planetary life | Ecosphere, Biosphere, Ecosystem, Communities, Populations, Organism |
| Ecophere | all of earth's ecosystems |
| Biosphere | all living things |
| Ecosystem | biota and abiota in one set area |
| Communities | all biota in a set area |
| Populations | members of same species in a set area |
| Organism | a single individual |
| Hierarchical classification of organisms | Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule |
| Organ system | organ team (ex. circulatory system) |
| Organ | collection of tissues with similar function |
| Tissue | basic unit of all living things (may also be entire organism) |
| Organelle | "little organ" functional system within a cell |
| Molecules | covalently bonded atoms |
| Ecosystems | nutrients recycle, energy transferred but lost as heat, producers and consumers |
| Cell theory | (Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow)all organisms have at least one cell, basic unit of structure and fxn, cells come from other cells |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) | in chromosomes, coding regions of nucleotides comprise genes; genes call for specific AA to for proteins; double helix; adeinine, thymine, guanine, cytosine; universal code (insulin), genome |
| Genome | all genes of an organism |
| Prokaryotic | "before nucleus" lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles (ex. bacteria, do have ribosomes) |
| Eukaryotic | "true nucleus" has nuclear enelope and membrane bound organelles |
| Emergent properties | reverse dissection (ex. chlorophyll, bicycle) |
| Reductionism | breaking down a system into its component parts; can be helpful (DNA), may not help (separated neurons make it harder to understand thought process) |
| Latest effort of reductionism | 2001 human genome completed with 3 billion bases (30000 genes) on 50th anniversary of Watson and Crick DNA model |
| Systems biology | looking at how a change impacts the entire system, not just one aspect (ex. how will a drug impact other systems in the body) must know parts, how they interact, and pool data + model system |
| Key components to systems biology | high-throughput technology, bioinformatics, interdisciplinary research teams |
| High-thoughput technology | technology that can produce large volumes of data |
| Bioinformatics | field that pulls useful data from the output of high-throughput technology (uses mathematical models, computers, etc.) filter* |
| Interdisciplinary research teams | using multiple fields for set up and processing (ex. engineers, medical scientists, physicists, mathematicians, computer specialists) |
| Negative feedback | excess of a product inhibits an enzyme earlier in the process (ex. keys, say good for now), is reversible |
| Positive feedback | production of product promotes an enzyme earlier in the process (ex. blood clot, more platelets come to area, keys allow both hands to be used, child birth/more contractions) |
| Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| Bacteria | common bacteria (w/ peptidoglycan layer) |
| Archaea | extreme enviroment bacteria (lack peptidoglycan) |
| Eukarya | eukaryotes mainly distinguished by nutrition; plants, animals, fung/consumers that absorb; protists (both unicellular and multi varieties making up multiple kingdoms) |
| Varying enviroments leads to | adaptation |
| Discovery science | uses both qualitative and quantitative and inductive reasoning |
| Inductive reasoning | making a generalization based on specific observations #1 give a foundation if based on multiple observations #2 subject to inductive leap (all mammals have live birth) |
| Scientific method | hypothesis and prediction |
| Hypothesis | educated guess that is testable and falsifiable |
| Prediction | always use "If..then" statement of what you might expect if hypothesis is correct |
| Broad and well supported hypothesis may become a ? | theory, can have different means and may be modified or discarded |
| Scientific discovery can lead to ? | technology, application of scientific investigations; can further scientific investigations; ethical concerns |
| Darwin's Natural Selection "Descent with modification" | 1. Natural variation within a population, 2. limited resources lead to competition, 3. survivors pass on beneficial traits, 4. poor traits weeded out, beneficial traits increase in frequency, over time separated groups may no longer be able to interbreed |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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