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Biology 2011

Chapters 1-5

QuestionAnswer
Water is the chief component of what? Body fluids and transport material and chemcals through the body.
What are water molecules? Polar molecules and will attract or repel other molecules.
Water is a polar molecule because of? Its partially positive region(hydrogen) and the negative region(oxygen)
Polar molecules are? Hydrophilic.
What's hydrophilic? Greek for water loving. Example:sugar.
What does hydrophilic do? Dissolves in water.
Nonpolar molecules are? Hydrophobic.
What's hydrophobic? Greek for water fearing.
Water is a solvent. It dissolves in other molecules called what? Solute.
What is solvent? A substance in the greatest about usually in a liquid.
Water has a tendency to spontaneously break into what? Hyrdogen and hydroxide ions.
What is acid? Substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water and increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
What's a base? Substance that accepts hydrogen ions when dissociated in water. Often called alkaline.
What are electrolytes? Substances that forms ions when dissolved in water.
What's a pH scale? 0-14 and determines the alkalinity or alkalosis of a solution.
Between each whole number of the pH scale, there is what? A tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration.
A pH of 7 indicates what? A neutral solution and has equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions.
A pH range from zero to six indicates what? The presence of more hydrogen ions and is acidic.
A pH range from 8-14 indicates what? The presence of more hydroxide ions and is considered base or alkaline.
pH of blood is carefully contained so? Alkalosis, or acidosis, does not develop.
A normal blood pH is usually? 7.35-7.45
Blood pH of alkalosis is? 7.5-7.8
Blood pH of acidosis is? 7.0-7.3
What are buffers? Substances which act to keep pH levels constant by regulating the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions.
What are carbohydrates? Organic and provide cellular energy.
What do carbs contain? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are monosaccharides? Glucose, ribose, and fructose.
What are disaccharides? Sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
What's polysaccharides? Glycogen, cellulose, and starch.
What do humans synthesize? The polysaccharide glycogen.
What are lipids? Fats and oils.
What are fats? Solids at room temperature.
What are oils? Liquid at room temperature.
What are made up of glycerol and three fatty acids? Triglyceride.
What are fatty acids? Long hydrocarbon chains with terminal carboxyl group.
What's glycerol? Three carbon molecules.
Two fatty acids attached to a phosphate group form what? Biological membranes.
The phosphate heads are hydrophilic but the tails are hydrophobic and line up to form what? Lipid bilayer.
What are proteins? Have a great variety of functions in the body as structural materials, as energy sources, as certaian hormones, as receptors on cell membranes, as antibodies, and as enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions.
What do proteins contain? C,O,H and nitrogen atoms; some also contain sulfur.
Building blocks of proteins are the amino acids joined by what? Peptide bonds between adjacent carboxyl and amino groups.
What are nucleic acids made up of? Long chains of nucleotides.
What are the two types of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA.
What's RNA? A single polynucleotide chain that functions in protein synthesis.
What's DNA? Forms a double helix and stores the genetic code in the nucleus.
What are the five nitrogen bases? Purines, double ring structures, pyrimdines, DNA bases, and RNA bases.
Cells are the what? Basic unit of life.
What's a cell membrane? The outer membrane of the cell and regulates the passage of material into and out of the cell.
What's the nucleus? The control center of the cell and contains the genetic information.
What's cytoplasm? The semi fluid component of the cell that contains many small organelles.
What are ribosomes? Small organelles composed of protein and sites for protein synthesis.
What's endoplasmic reticulum? A network of membrane folds that occurs throughout the cytoplasm.
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
What are rough endoplasmic reticulum? Ribosomes attached and associated with protein synthesis and secretion of proteins.
What are smooth endoplasmic reticulum? No ribosomes and associated with lipid secretion.
What's a golgi apparatus? Flatten membrane sacs.
What are lysosomes? Digest worn out cellular components.
What's mitochondria? Power house of the cell.
What's a flagellum? A long threadlike organelle used for locomotion.
What's cilium? Short thin threadlike structure on the surface of the cell used for locomotion.
What's passive transport? Does not require energy.
What's diffusion? Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What's osmosis? Movement of water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What's active transport? Requires energy.
What's endocytosis? The engulfing of substances inside of the cell.
What's pinocytosis? Engulfing liquids.
What's phagocytosis? Engulfing solid particles.
What's exocytosis? The removal of material to the outside of the cell body by forming a vesicle around the material and release it to the outside.
A dividing cell passed through a sequence of cell growth and division called what? The cell cycle.
The cell cycle consists of? Five major phases.
What's the G1 phase? Growth phase.
What's the S phase? Growth and DNA replication.
What's the G2 phase? Growth and final preparations for division.
How many phases of mitosis? Four.
What's prophase? Chromatin continue to condense.
What's metaphase? Attached to spindle fibers, the chromosomes line up in the center or equator of the cell.
What's anaphase? The sister chromatids are drawn to opposite poles of the cell.
What's telophase? The nuclear membrane and nucleoli reappear. Cleavage furrow forms.
What's cytokinesis? Division of the cytoplasm and two daughter cells form.
What's metabolism? The total chemical reaction taking place in cells.
What are the two types of metabolic reactions? Anabolism and catabolism.
What are the two types of energy? Potential energy and kinetic.
What's potential energy? Stored energy.
What's kinetic energy? Energy of motion.
Cellular respiration is? An energy releasing process.
Respiration in initiated in the cytoplasm and? Completed in the mitochondrion.
What's aerobic respiration? With oxygen.
What's anaerobic respration? Without oxygen.
What are three main steps in cellular respiration? Glycolysis, the kreb cycle, and the electron transport.
What's glycolysis? The splitting of sugar, begins the cytoplasm of the cell and anaerobic. Begins the breakdown into three carbon sugar called pyruvate.
The splitting process requires energy in the form of ATP but? Also produces energy.
One molecule of glucose yield 4 molecules of ATP but? Two are used in the splitting process.
The net yield of ATP is? Two.
Two NADH are? Produced.
Two pyruvate molecules are? Produced.
What's conversion of pyruvate? Aerobic Process.
The pyruvate molecule does not enter the next cycle which is the? Kreb cycle.
Pyruvate is oxidized the Acetyl CoA which enters what? Kreb cycle.
What's the kreb cycle? Occurs in the mitochondrian.
Acetyl CoA is joined to oxaloacetate, to form what? Six common molecule citrate.
What does FADH mean? Flavin adenine dinucleotide hydrogen.
Glycolysis=? 2 ATP.
Kreb cycle=? 2 ATP.
Electron transport=? 32.
Total ATP=? 36.
Fermentation is an? Anaerobic Process.
What's anaerobic? Without oxygen.
Wine is made by? Fermentation.
Pyruvate is decarboxylated producing? Acetaldehyde.
Acetaldehyde accepts a hydrogen atom from NADH producing? Ethanol and NAD.
Lactic acid is produced in? Muscle cells.
Pyruvate is converted to? Lactic acid.
Cramps are due to the build up of what? Lactic acid in the muscles.
What's anatomy? Study of structures or morphology of body parts.
What's pysiology? Study of function of body parts.
What are the characteristics of life? Movements, resposiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, and excretion.
Created by: macy1
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