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Patho sjsu intro
quiz#1 9-8-11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Health | Physical, mental, and social well-being |
| Disease | Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis |
| Health Indicators | “Normal” values occur within a range of values and may vary depending on technology used for measurement. Adjustments due to: Age Gender Genetics Environment Activity level |
| Pathophysiology | Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease Uses knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology Includes aspects of pathology, which describes structural changes in body tissues due to disease |
| Gross level | Organ or system level |
| Microscopic level | Cellular level |
| Biopsy | Excision of small amounts of living tissue |
| Diagnosis | Identification of a specific disease |
| Autopsy | Examination of the body and organs after death |
| Etiology | Causative factors in a particular disease |
| Predisposing factors | Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual |
| Pathogenesis | Development of the disease |
| Acute disease | Develops quickly, marked signs, short term |
| Chronic disease | Often milder, develops gradually, persist for long time |
| Subclinical state | Pathologic changes occur, no obvious manifestations |
| Latent State | No symptoms or clinical signs are evident |
| Prodormal Period | Early development of a disease Signs are non-specific or absent |
| Manifestations | Signs and symptoms of disease |
| Syndrome | Collection of sign and symptoms Often affecting more than one organ |
| Remissions | Manifestations of the disease subside or are absent |
| Precipitating factor | Condition that triggers an acute episode |
| Complications | New secondary or additional problems |
| Therapy | Treatment measures to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease |
| Sequelae | Unwanted outcomes of primary condition |
| Convalescence | Period of recovery |
| Prognosis | Probability for recovery or for other outcomes |
| Rehabilitation | Maximizing function of diseased tissues |
| Epidemiology | Science of identifying the causative factors and tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease |
| Morbidity | Indicates the number of people with a disease within a group |
| Mortality | Indicate the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group |
| Epidemics | Occur when a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease occur with a given area |
| Pandemics | Involve a higher number of cases in many regions of the globe |
| Occurrence of disease | Tracked by incidence and prevalence |
| Incidence | Number of new cases in a given population within a specified time period |
| Prevalence | Number of new and old or existing cases in a specific population and within a specified time period |
| Atrophy | Decrease in the size of cells Results in reduced tissue mass |
| Hypertrophy | Increase in cell size Results in enlarged tissue mass |
| Hyperplasia | Increased number of cells Resulting in an enlarged tissue mass |
| metaplasia | Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type |
| Dysplasia | Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue |
| Anaplasia | Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures |
| Neoplasm | “New growth” – commonly called tumor |
| Ischemia | Deficit of oxygen in the cells |
| Hypoxia | Reduced oxygen in tissues |
| CELL DAMAGE "Physical damage" | Excessive heat or cold Radiation exposure |
| CELL DAMAGE "Mechanical damage" | Pressure or tearing of tissue |
| CELL DAMAGE "Chemical toxins" | Exogenous: from environment Endogenous: from inside the body |
| CELLULAR DEATH PROCESS- karyolsis | Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis |
| CELLULAR DEATH PROCESS- Pyknosis | Clumping of the nucleus |
| CELLULAR DEATH PROCESS- KARYORRHEXISS | Fragmentation of the nucleus |
| Microorganisms | i.e., bacteria and viruses |
| Abnormal metabolites | Genetic disorders Inborn errors of metabolism Altered metabolism |
| NECROSIS- INFARCTION | An area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation |
| Gangrene | An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria |
| Guidelines for Measuring Vital Signs | Establish a baseline for future assessments. Be able to understand and interpret values. Appropriately delegate measurement. Communicate findings. Ensure equipment is in working order. Accurately document findings. |
| Temperature range: | 98.6° F to 100.4° F or 36° C to 38° C |
| Temperature sites: | Oral, rectal, axillary, tympanic membrane, temporal artery, esophageal, pulmonary artery |
| Temperature Regulation | Varies in response to: Location Activity Environment Circadian rhythm Gender |
| Heat Production | Heat production and conservation Chemical reactions of metabolism Skeletal muscle contraction Chemical thermogenesis – chemicals released to increase metabolism |
| Heat Conservation | Vasoconstriction – heat is shunted away from the periphery to keep the core warm Voluntary mechanisms – bundle up, move around, |
| Heat Loss | Radiation Conduction Convection Vasodilation Decreased muscle toneEvaporation Increased respirations Voluntary measures Adaptation to warmer climates |
| Fever | Resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat Activate heat production and conservation measures to a new “set point” Exogenous pyrogens Endogenous pyrogens |
| Benefits of Fever | Kills many microorganisms Decreases serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper Promotes lysosomal breakdown and autodestruction of cells Increases lymphocytic transformation and phagocyte motility Augments antiviral interferon production |
Created by:
wakado408
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