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Micro - Exam 1
Stack #67823
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Janssen | invented microscope - 16th century |
| Robert Hooke | first person to see microorganisms (fungus) |
| vanLeeuweenhoek | (aka - father of microbiology) -achieved 200-300x magnification -first to see bacteria (called animacuals) when he mixed rain water with the scruff of his teeth |
| Koch & Ehrlich | Both are credited as the first to stand microorganisms with methylene blue, which is still used today |
| Gram | named for the differential GRAM STAIN |
| Koch | (1) first to use a solid media, the potatoe. He tried using gelatin to solidify a liquid media but it caused problems. Then he tried AGAR-AGAR (today just AGAR). (2) made Koch's postulate to prove waht causes infectious disease |
| Koch's Postuale | Prove what causes infectious disease: (1) in every case, find the same organism (2) Isolate the organism in a pure culture (3) Grow the organism and inoculate it into a healthy source (4) If disease occurs, you've found infectious organism |
| Petri | created dish of glass to hold microorganisms - PETRI DISH. The special lid allows oxygen exchange and protects from surrounding air |
| Pasteur | (1) disproved theroy of spontaneous generations (2) explained fermentation (3) Pasteurization (4) created vaccine for chicken cholera - accidentally |
| Pasteur and the Theory of Spontaneous Generation | DISPROVED THEROY! (1) filled flasks with different broths and boiled them to sterilize (2) left open = no life (3) broke off top and left open = life |
| Tyndall | discovered new way of sterlizing used to destroy bacteria and endospores |
| Tyndallization | endospore won't die from boiling and will create bacteria again (1) boil for 10 min and kill bacteria - wait 24 hours (2) boil 10 min and kill new bacteria - wait 24 hours (3) boil 10 min and kill all endospores |
| Semmelweis | OBGYN - first to wash hands before delivery baby and thus decresed infection |
| Lister | SURGEON - first to wash intruments before surgery and created first disinfectant |
| Jenner | observed farmers getting cow pox but not small pox - experimented on boy cow pox. Created first vaccination against small pox |
| vonBehring & Kitasato | worked together to create the first antitoxin (antiserum). They injected toxin into animal and animal created anitbodies against toxin - withdrew blood and separated antibodies for human protection |
| Metchnikoff | first to see phagocytosis |
| Ehrlich | made first chemotheraputic agent againt syphillis |
| Fleming | created PENICILLIN - the first antibiotic |
| 2 types of Classification | 1) Nomenclature 2) Taxonomy |
| Nomenclature | how things are named |
| Txonomy | how things are spearated into groups |
| vonLinne | (nomenclature) first to name genus and species by collecting plants and naming them wiht descriptive, Latin names |
| Aristotle | (taxonomy) separared world into 2 kingdoms: plant and animal |
| Aristotle and the Plant Kingdom | (1) don't move (2) energy from the sun (3) producers (4) cell walls are rigid |
| Aristotle and the Animal Kingdom | (1) move (2) ebergy from organic molecules (3) consumers (4) cell walls are flexible |
| Organic Molecule | molecule tha contains carbon and hydrogen |
| Whittaker | separated world into 5 kingdoms: ADVANCED (multicelled) - plant, animal, fungi; PRIMITIVE (single celled) - protista, monera/prokaryota |
| Eukaryotic Cells | (1) Plant (2) Animal (3) Fungi (4) Protista |
| Prokaryotic Cells | (1) Monera/Prokaryota |
| Domains | (1) Archaea (2) Bacteria/Eubacteria (3) Eucarya |
| Similariies of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | (1) made of same organic molecules (2) same metabolic pathway |
| PROKARYOTES v. eukaryotes | (1) no nucleus (2) no membran bound organelles (3) 70s ribosomes (4) 1 circular chromosome (5) frequent asexual reproduction (6) no histones in DNA (7) simple flagella |
| EUKARYOTES v. prokaryotes | (1) nucleua (2) membrane bound organelles (3) 80s ribosomes (4) linear chromosomes in pairs (5) infrequent sexual reproduction (6) histones in DNA (7) complex flagella |
| Morphology | 3 shapes: rod/bacillus, coccus/cocci, spiral |
| Arrangement | Simple; pairs; chains; cocci cluster; tetrads; packets of 8 rods; chinese letter |
| oxygen requirements: AEROBES | require oxygen |
| Oxygen Requirements: ANAEROBES | oxygen kills |
| oxygen requirements: MICROAEROPHILIC | small amount of oxygen |
| oxygen requirements: FACULTATIVE | with or without oxygen |
| bacillus: CAPSULE | functions: protects against dehydration and phagocytosis; stores nutrients; anchor to environment |
| bacillus: FLAGELLUM | ATRICHOUS-no flagella; MONOTRICHOUS-1 flagella; POLAR FLAGELLA-at 1 or both ends; PERITRICHOUS-all around |
| Taxis | the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus |
| bacillus: PILUS | attach to another cell that does not have a pilus to use as a bridge between them |
| bacillus: FIMBRIAE | holds fast to the enviornment |
| bacillus: CELL WALL | 2 kinds: Gram + and Gram - |
| Gram + | (1) turns purple (2) lots of peptidoglycam (3) small amount of lipids (4) teichoic acid (5) no lipid A |
| Gram - | (1) turns pink (2) small amount of peptidoglycam (2) lots of lipids (3) no teichoic acid (4) lipid A |
| Gram Staining | (1) PRIMARY - crystal violet (2) MORDANT - Gram's iodine (3) Decolorozer - Gram's/Ethyl alcohol (4) SECONDARY - safranin |
| bacillus: INSIDE THE CELL | cytoplasmic/plasma membrane: semipermeable; holds in cytoplasm; vital site in metabolism of cell; phospholipid bilayer |
| Cytoplasm | about 80% water, contains nutrients for the cell; contains 1 circular chromosome (coiled) and ribosomes (floating) |
| Inclusions | temporary cytoplasm used for storage of something (extra nutrients, lipids, phosphates, carbohydrates) the cell will not use right away |
| Growing Bacteria | (1) energy source (2) carbon source (3) nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (4) metallic elements (5) vitamins (6) water |
| energy source: PHOTOTROPHS | needs light for photosynthesis |
| energy source: CHEMOTROPHS | needs organic materials (most living things) |
| carbon source: LITHOTROPHS/AUTOTROPHS | use carbon dioxide from the air |
| carbon source: HETEROTROPHS | use organic molecules |
| Types of Media | (1) Maintenance (2) Enriched (3) Selective (4) Differential |
| Maintenance Media | just meant to keep the organism alive; very basic - adds nothing special |
| Enriched Media | extra nutrients are added(use blood, central spinal fluid); can grow "fastidious" organisms |
| Selective Media | inhibits certain orgainsms from growing but will allows others to grow; adds something-salt;acid;antibiotic |
| Differential Media | organisms grow in different colors based in where they grow |
| temperature: PSYCHROPHILES | prefer cold; can survie <0 C, but prefer between 15-20 C |
| temperature: MESOPHILES | live in or on humans; prefer 25-40 C |
| temperature: THERMOPHILES | prefer hot; live in 45-60 C |
| Growth | doubling in number of organisms and their culture |
| growth: Counting Chambers | slide has chambers to add broth and grow cultures in certain grids to count growth (both living and dead) |
| growth: Spectrophotometer | shine light through test tube containing broth and measure light that shines through; mix broth with bacteria and measure new amount of light that shines through - not very accurate and counts living and dead |
| growth: Dilutions | mix bacteris with broth mixing 1mL from previous test tube into new test tube (1:10, 1:100, 1:1000); put samples from all 3 tubs onto agar plate and count colonies (25-250); multiply # of colonies by dilusion # (bacteria/mL) - accurarte and counts living |
| Growth Curve | y: log on # of org; x:time;lag phase(getting ready to multiply and increase in size); log phase(multiplication occurs fast); stationary phase(some die and some multiply); death phase |
| ENZYME | and organic catalyst that speeds up reactions without being used up or changed; made of protein; denatured by heat or acid; acts upon a substrate (lock and key); very specific; names after substrate + 'ase' |
| APOENZYME | needs a cofactor (mineral) &/or a conenzyme (vitamin); when combined called a holoenzyme |
| enzyme reaction equations | E + S --> ES --> E + P |
| Endoenzyme | intracellular |
| Exoenzyme | extracellular |
| Constitutive enzyme | always present in the cell |
| Adaptive/Induced enzyme | only made by the cell when substrate is present |
| Inhibition of Enzymes | (1) Reversible (2) Non-reversible |
| Reversible inhibition of enzymes: Noncompetitive | take away vitamin or mineral |
| Reversible inhibition of enzymes: Competitive | add a substrate with same binding so enzyme will attach to it |
| Non-Reversible inhibition of enzymes | Denature enzyme with heat or acid |
Created by:
lcnelson
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