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AP Bio-Vocab-Ch. 3-5
AP Bio-Vocab-Ch. 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Polar Molecule | Two ends have opposite charges |
| Cohesion | hydrogen bonds hold the substance together |
| Adhesion | clinging of one substance to another |
| Surface Tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch of break the surface |
| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion |
| Heat | measure of matters total kinetic energy due to the motion of its molecules |
| Temperature | meassure of heat intensity, represents the average kinetic energy of molecules |
| Celsius Scale | temperature we will use |
| Calorie | amount of heat it takes to rise temp of 1gof water by 1C |
| kilecalorie | quantity of heat required to raise temp 1kg of water by 1C |
| Juole | SI unit for work or energy |
| Specific Heat | the number of calories required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1°C, or the number of BTU's per pound per degree F. |
| Heat of Vaporization | quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted to liquid |
| Evaporative Cooling | hottest molecules turn into gas |
| Solution | homogeneous mixture with two or more substances |
| Solvent | the dissolving agent of a solution |
| Solute | substanced dissolved |
| Aqueous SOlution | water is the solvent |
| Hydration Shell | sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion |
| Hydrophilic | LOVES water |
| Hydrophobic | HATES water |
| Molecular Mass | mass of each atom in a given molecule |
| Mole | exact # of objects |
| Molarity | # of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| Hydrogen Ion | hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind |
| Hydroxide Ion | water molecule that lost a proton |
| hydronium ion | proton binds to the other water molecule |
| Acid | substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| Base | substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| Buffers | substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution. |
| Acid Precipitation | refers to rain, snow or fog |
| Organic Chemistry | study of carbon compounds |
| Hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting carbon and hydrogen |
| Isomers | compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties |
| Structural Isomers | differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
| Geometric Isomers | same covalent partnerships but differ in their spatial arrangements |
| Enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of each other |
| Functional Groups | chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions |
| ATP, Adenosine triphosphate | |
| Macromolecules | large molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids |
| Polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
| Monomers | building blocks of a polymer, smaller molecules |
| Condensation Reaction | 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule |
| Dehydration Reaction | loss of a water molecule |
| Enzyme | specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reaction in cells. involved with dehydration |
| Hydrolysis | reverse of dehydration |
| Carbohydrates | simple sugars |
| Monosaccharides | single sugar |
| Disaccharide | 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage |
| Glycosidic Linkage | a covalent bond formed between monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| Polysaccharides | macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages |
| Starch | a polymer of glucose monomers |
| Glycogen | a polymer of glucose that is extensively branched |
| Cellulose | a polysaccharide, major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells |
| Lipids | mix poorly with water |
| Fat | constructed from two smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids |
| Fatty Acid | long carbon skeleton |
| Triacylglycerol | 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | saturated with hydrogen |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | one or more double bonds formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton |
| Trans Fat | |
| Phospholipids | make up cell membranes |
| Steriods | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| Cholesterol | common component of animal cell membranes |
| Catalysts | speed up chemical reaction without being consumed by a reaction |
| Polypeptides | polymers of amino acids |
| Protein | one or more polypeptides |
| Peptide Bond | resulting covalent bond |
| Primary STructure | unique sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure | coils and folds of proteins |
| Tertiary STructure | |
| Hydrophobic Reaction | clusters at the core of the protein out of contact with water |
| Disulfide Bridges | shape of a protein may be reinforced further by covalent bonds |
| Quaternary Structure | one functional macromolecule |
| Denaturation | when a protein unravels and loses native(original) shape |
| Chaperonins | asister in proper folding of other proteins |
| X-Ray Crystallography | used to determine 3D structures of other proteins |
| Gene | unit of inheritance |
| Nucleic Acids |
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