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BIOL_399_1
Legumes and grasses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fabaceae | bean family |
| bean family | includes peanuts, clover, alfalfa, soy, black locust, redbud, mimosa, wisteria, lupine, mesquite |
| subfamilies | faboideae (most food crops), caesalpinoideae (tamarind), and mimosoideae (stamens showy) |
| leaves | usually compound (pinnately and palmately compound) |
| mimosoideae | 5 sepals, 5 petals, many stamens, 1 carpel (1 locule), superior ovary, and radially symmetrical |
| faboideae flower | usually irregular (bilateral symmetry) with 5 sepals, 5 petals and (9+1) 10 stamens, 1 carpel (1 locule), superior ovary |
| fruit | legume (or pod) - dry fruit with 1 carpel that dehisces along 2 seams |
| dicotyledons | 2 seed leaves |
| legumes | seeds rich in oil and protein (have more protein than any other food plant, high quality protein) |
| nitrogen fixation | bacteria or cyanobacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonium (NH4 - water soluble form of nitrogen) |
| root nodules | contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) |
| Rhizobium | convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a water-soluble NH4 - ammonium |
| crop rotation | alternate legume crop with crops that deplete soil nitrogen |
| green manure | grow legume crop then plow under to add nitrogen to the soil |
| artificial selection in legumes | maximize yield, synchronize harvest, facilitate harvest |
| pulses | dried legume seeds used for human food |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | common beans |
| Pisum sativum | peas |
| Arachis hypogaea | peanuts |
| peanuts | fruit is a legume (pod) with 2 seeds and the flower self-fertilizes |
| Soybeans | Glycine max |
| soybeans | cannot be consumed raw by humans because they contain a digetion inhibitor that interferes with normal protein digestion (trypsin inhibitor) |
| Alfalfa | Medicago sativa |
| Clover | trifolium |
| Poaceae (formerly Gramineae) | the grass family |
| grasses | monocots, cosmopoliton (grow everywhere) |
| grasses - agricultural crops | account for 50% of calories consumed worldwide |
| cereal grains - edible grains of cultivated annual graasses | wheat, corn, sorghum, millet, rice, barley, oats, and rye |
| vegetative characteristics | herbabceous (now wood), linear leaves with parallel venation, leaf arrangement - alternate, leaf base - sheath (wraps around stem, nodes swolloen, stem (culm) circular in cross-section hollow between the nodes, roots are fibrous |
| tillers | branches arising from the base of the stem |
| asexual reproduction | form o fvegetative reproduction |
| rhizomes | underground, horizontal stem |
| stolon | horizontal, stem on surface of ground |
| grass inflorescence | compound, composed of many flowering branches (spikelets) |
| spikelet | flowering branch of inflorescence, 1-several florets |
| glumes (2) | subtended by bracts |
| grass flowers = floret | small, inconspicuous, wind pollinated, suptended by two bracts (outer - lemman *may be awned*, inner- palea) and incomplete - sepal and petals absent or reduced to membranous lodicules |
| grass flowers = floret cont | 3 (6) stamens - pendant, 1 carpel, 1 ovule (egge), 2 styles and stigmas and a superior ovary |
| fruit | mature ovary, grain - caryopsis |
| chaff | bracts (glumes, lemma, and palea) |
| bran | outer wall of grain, ovary wall fused to seed coat (fiber) |
| aleurone layer | layer of enlarged cells inside the bran, protein rich (enzymes that breakdown endosperm for or embryo) (protein and fat) |
| endosperm | stored food (starch) |
| germ | embryo and its sheaths (vitamins, proteins, and oils *fats*) |
| refined grains | white rice, corn starch, and white flour --> remove chaff, germ, aleurone layer, and bran... consists of endosperm = carbohydrates |
| artificial selection in cereal grasses | maximize yield, synchronize harvest, facilitate separation of chaff and grain |
| Wheat | Triticum |
| hybrid | offspring of a cross between two species |
| diploid | 2n, two complete sets of chromosomes |
| polyploid | more than two complete sets of chromosomes |
| gluten | proteins in wheat grain (gliadin and glutenin) that provides elasticity in flour (allows bread to rise) |
| whole grain wheat lacks four essential nutrients | vitamins A, B12, C and iodine, |
| Corn | Zea mays |
| corn | separate male and female inflorescences |
| staminate (male) flowers | found in tassels, 2 stamen, 2 bracts, no ovary |
| female inflorescence | thickened spikelet (ear) surrounded by protective husks |
| carpellate (female) flowers | grains are naked (not surrounded by palea and lemma, and silk - style and stigma from an indivual flower |
| Teosinte | researchers believe that corn came from these wild grasses from Mexico and Central America |
| Teosinte | branched female inflorescence, 5-12 kernels/inflorescence, and tough seed covering |
| Maize | unbranched female inflorescence, many (500+) per influence, and naked seed |
| Flint corn | main type of corn grown by native Americans in N. areas when European settlers arrived |
| Dent corn | most widely grown type of corn in the corn belt ---> used for animal feed, corn starch, and corn meal |
| 9 amino acids | must come from human diet and the persistant lack of these leads to protein-deficiency diseases |
| Pellagra | deficiency disease |
| Oryza sativa | feeds more people that any other crop (2 billion year) |
| Rice | Oryza sativa |
| indica | long-grain rice |
| japonica | short-grain rice |
| paddy rice | wet rice - grown in standing water, year-round farming, and flooding prevents terrestrial weeds |
| rice | has air chambers in stem/roots (can grow in anaerobic conditions) |
| Azolla (Green manure) | aquatic fern --> nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia) |
| symbiosis | intimate association between two organisms that is beneficial to one or both organisms |
| Upland Rice | not grown in paddies, leading producer - Brazil |
| natural floodplains | seed sown at low water (dry season) - harvested by boat |
| brown rice | still has bran, germ, aleurone |
| Beriberi | B1 - thiamine deficiency disease --> problem in populations with white rice diet |
| Wild Rice | Zizania palustris, Z. texana |
| Rye | Secale cereale |
| Triticale | hybrid between wheat and rye |
| Oats | Avena sativa |
| Barley | Hordeum vulgare |
| Sorghum | Sorghum bicolor |
| Pearl Millet | Pennisetum glaucum |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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