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MCA- Acid-Balance
Chapter 10 - Lemone
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the elements measured in Arterial blood Gas? | pH, PaCO2, PaO2, and bicarbonate level. It is use to evaluate acid-base balance. |
| What system is responsible for regulating carbonic acid in the body? | Respiratory system. It eliminates or retains carbon dioxide. |
| What system is responsible for regulation of acid-base balance in the body? | Renal system. excess acids produced during metabolism normally are eliminated by the kidney. It also regulate bicarbonate . |
| What is needed to restore pH level during acidosis state? | the kidney excrete hydrogen ion and retain bicarbonate. |
| What is needed to restore pH level during alkalosis state? | the kidney reain hydrogen ions and excrete bicarbonate to restore acid-base balance. |
| What will happen to carbon dioxide when combine with water | CO2 becomes potential carbonic acid. |
| What will happen when carbon dioxide or hydrogen incresases? | It will stimulate the respiratory center in the brain. |
| Waht are the 2 ways an acidotic state can exist? | is from either too much pCO2 or too little HCO3. |
| What are the 2 ways an alkalotic state can exist? | is from either too little pCO2 or too much HCO3. |
| What is the normal range of pH? | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| What is the normal range of PaCO2? | 35 to 45 mmHg |
| What is the normal range of PaO2? | 80 to 100 mmHg |
| What is the normal range of HCO3? | 22 to 26 mmHg |
| What is the normal range of Base Excess (BE)? | -3 to +3 |
| What is the normal range of SO2 (Oxygen Saturation)? | 95 to 100% |
| What can increase acid production? | lactic acidosis, Ketoacidosis related to diabetes, starvation, or alcoholism, and salicylate toxicity |
| What can decrease Acid excretion? | renal failure |
| What can increase bicarbonate loss? | diarrhea, ileostomy drainage, intestinal fistula, biliary or pancreatic fistulas |
| What can increase chloride? | Sodium chloride IV solutions, renal tubular acidosis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
| What are the causes of metabolic acidosis? | increase of acid production, decrease of acid excreation, incrase bicarbonate loss, andincrease chloride. |
| What can increase acid loss or excretion? | vomiting, and gastric suction, and hypokalemia |
| what can increase bicarbonate? | alkali ingestion (bicarbonatae of soda) and excess bicarbonate administration. |
| what are the causes of metabolic alkalosis? | increase acid loss or excretion and increase bicarbonate. |
| What are the causes of acuute respiratory acidosis? | acute respiratory conditions (pulmonary edema, pneumonia, acute astthma), opiate overdose, foreign body aspiration, and chest trauma. |
| What are the causes of chronic respiratory acidosis? | Chhronic respiratory conditions (COPD, cystic fibrosis) , Multiple sclerosis, other neuuromuscular disease and stroke |
| What are the causes of Respiratory acidosis (ra)? | Acute ra(acute respiratory conditions (pulmonary edema, pneumonia, acute astthma), opiate overdose, foreign body aspiration, and chest trauma.) and Chronic-ra ex. COPD, cystic fibrosis), Multiple sclerosis, other neuuromuscular disease, stroke) |
| What are the causes of respiratory alkalosis? | anxiety-induced hyperventilation (ex. anxiety), fever, early salicylate intoxication, and hyperventilation with mecanical ventilator. |
| What are the values of respiratory acidosis? | low pH, high CO2 (critical pH< 7.2 and CO2 > 77) |
| What are the values of respiratory alkalosis? | high pH, low CO2 (critical pH >7.6 and CO2 < 20) |
| What are the values of metabolic acidosis? | low pH, low HCO3 (critical ph < 7.2 and HCO3 < 10) |
| What are the values of metabolic alkalosis? | high pH, high HCO3 (Critical ph > 7.6 and HCO3 40) |
| What are the manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis? | anorexia, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, fatigue, general malaise (feeling of being unwell physically or emotionaly), decreasing LOC, dysrhythmias, bradycardia, warm and flushed skin, and hyperventilation (Kussmaul's respirations) |
| What are the manifestations of metabolic alkalosis? | confusion, decreasing LOC, hyperreflexia, tetany, dysrhythmias, hypotension, seizures, and respiratory failure. |
| what are the manifestations of acute respiratory acidosis? | headache, warm flushed skin, blurred vision, irritability, altered mental status, decreasing LOC,a dn cardiac arrest. |
| what are the manifestations of chronic respiratory acidosis? | weakness, dull headache, sleep disturbances with daytime sleepiness, impaired memory, and personality changes. |
| What are the respiratory alkalosis? | dizziness, numbness and tingling around mouth, hands, and feet, palpitations, dyspnea, chest tightness, anxiety / panic, tremors, tetany, seizuures, loss of consciousness. |
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