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Micro 3, 7
Bacterial Identification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Niche | term biologists use to describe the totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitats |
| Cardinal Temperatures | 3 ranges of temperatures that microbial organisms can adapt to |
| Minimum Temperatures | Lowest temperature permitting continual microbial growth & metabolism. |
| Maximum Temperatures | Highest temperature at which growth & metabolism of a microbe can occur. |
| Optimum Temperature | Covers a small range, intermediate between the minimum & maximum, which promotes the fastest rate of growth & metabolism of a microbe. |
| Psychrophile | Microorganism with an optimum temperature below 15C and is capable of growth at 0C.(Generally cannot grown above 20C) |
| Mesophiles | (Majority of medically significant microorganisms) Grow at intermediate temperatures, optimal growth of most mesophiles range from 20C to 40C. Inhabit animals & plants as well as soil & water. |
| Thermophile | Microbes that grow optimally at temperatures greater than 45C. These heat loving microbes live in soil & water associated with volcanic activity, compost piles, & in habitats directly exposed to the sun. |
| Aerobe (aerobic organism) | can use gaseous oxygen in it metabolism and possesses the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products. |
| Obligate Aerobe | Organism that cannot grow without O2 (most fungi and protozoa as well as many bacteria). |
| Facultativve anaerobe | Aerobe that does not require O2 for its metabolism & is capable of growth in its absence. Metabolizes by aerobic respiration when O2 is present , but when absent- adapts an anaerobic mode of metabolism such as fermentation. |
| Microaerophile | Does not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of O2 but requires a small amount (1-15%) in metabolism. Most in this category can live in habitats such as soil, water, or the human body that provides small amts of O2 & is not exposed to atmosphere. |
| Anaerobe (anaerobic microorganism) | Lacks metabolic enzyme systems for using O2 gas in respiration. |
| Strict or Obligate Anaerobes | Also lack the enzymes for processing toxic O2, they cannot tolerate any free O2 in the immediate environment & will die if exposed to it. |
| Aerotolerant Anaerobes | do not utilize O2 gas but can survive and grow in its presence. Not harmed by O2 & some of them possess alt mechanisms for breaking down peroxide & superoxide. |
| Capnophiles | Grow best at higher CO2 tensions (3-10%) than are normally present in the atmosphere (0.033%) |
| Neutrophiles | Microbes living around pH7 (most microbes) |
| Acidophiles | Incl Euglena mutabilis - an alga that grows in acid pools between 0 & 2 pH. |
| Alkalinophiles | Live in hot pools & soils that contain high levels of basic minerals (up to pH 10). |
| Halophiles | Osmophile req high concentrations of salt - inhabit salt lakes, ponds, and other hypersaline habitats. Grow optimally in sols of 25% NaCl but req at least 9% NaCl for growth. |
| Osmotolerant | Microbes that can adapt to wide concentrations in solutes. Remarkably resistant to salt. |
| Barophiles | Deep-sea microbes existing under pressures many times that of the atmosphere. Strictly adapted to high pressures and will rupture in normal atmospheric pressures. |
| Inoculation | Placing a sample into a container of medium that supplies nutrients for growth and is the first stage in culturing for increased visibility and to begin to analyze what the sample may contain. |
| Incubation | Exposing the inoculated medium to optimal growth conditions, usu for few hrs to days. An increase in microbe #'s will provide higher quantities needed for testing. |
| Isolation | Methods for separating individual microbes and achieving isolated colonies that can be readily distinguished from one antoher by the naked eye. |
| Inspection | Obs cultures macroscopically for appearance of growth and microscopically for appearance of cells. |
| Information Gathering | Testing of cultures with procedures that analyze biochemical and enzyme characteristics, immunological reax, drug sensitivity, and genetic makeup. |
| Identification | Analysis of collected data to help support a final determination of the types of microbes present in the original sample. Accomplished by a variety of schemes. |
| Magnification | The ability to make objects appear larger |
| Resolving Power | the abililty to show detail in magnified objects |
| refraction | bending or change of the angle of the light ray as it passes through a medium such as a lense |
| image | optical replica of an object that is formed by the refraction of light |
| Simple microscope | Contained a single magnifying lense (eg magnifying glass, hand lense, Leeuwenhoek's basic microscope) |
| Compound Microscope | addition of several mag lenses, a lamp in the base to give visible light, and a condenser |
| Condeser | special lense that converges or focuses the rays of light to a single point on the object. |
| Real Image | Object forms the initial image of the specimen |
| Virtual Image | when the real image is projected to the plane of the eyepiece, the ocular lense magnifies it to produce this image. |
| Resolution / Resolving Power | defines the capacity of an optical system to distinguish 2 adjacent ogjects or points from one another. also affected by the NA |
| Numerical Aperature (NA) | mathematical constant derived fromt he physical structure of the lense. |
| Flourescence | dyes that give off visible light when bombarded by shorter UV rays |
| Wet Mounts | used for the observation of live samples of microorganisms. The cells are suspended in a suitable fluid that temp maintains viability and provides space and a medium for motion. |
| hanging drop slide | made with a special concave slide, an adhesive or sealant and a coverslip from which a tiny drop of sample is suspended |
| Smear | Used to prepare fixed, stained specimens. C/o spreading a thin film made from a liquid suspension of cells on a slide and air drying then heated gently by process of heat fixation. |
| Heat Fixation | simultaneously kills the specimen with heat and secures it to the slide. Also preserved various cellular components in a natural state. Alcohol & formalin used to prepare. |
| Basic (cationic) dyes | positively charged dyes |
| Acidic (anionic) dyes | negatively charged dyes |
| Positive stain | Dye actually sticks to the speciamen and gives them color |
| Negative stain | Dye is repelled by the specimen and forms an outline around the outer boundary. |
| Simple stain | req only a single dye and an uncomplicated procedure |
| Differential stain | use two different colored dyes (primary and counterstain) to distinguish betweeen cell types or parts. |
| Gram Staining | 130 year old method named for its developer Hans Christian Gram, permits ready differentation of major categories based on the color |
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JaeLaw23
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