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Environ. Bio Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do value based statements consist of? | culture, religion, and family |
| What do science based statements consist of? | quality and traits |
| The 6 characteristics of science: characteristic 1 | Evidence, empirical, and measurable "facts" |
| The 6 characteristics of science: characteristic 2 | Objective-not influenced by values (non-biased) |
| The 6 characteristics of science: characteristic 3 | Subjective to revision; it can be updated or changed ***SCIENCE IS NOT DOGMATIC— IT'S NOT PERMANENT! |
| The 6 characteristics of science: characteristic 4 | Science is question driven; hypothesis testing—ONLY scientists do this! |
| The 6 characteristics of science: characteristic 5 | Science has nothing to do with right and wrong |
| The 6 characteristics of science: characteristic 6 | Certainty |
| What can science tell us? | What the consequences of our actions are. However, it cannot tell us what we should do to solve our problems |
| Is science always certain? | No, it is always uncertain but can name level of certainty |
| What does it mean to obfuscate an issue? | to deliberately confuse an issue. When people make up their own facts concerning a certain matter. Allowing values to cloud judgment creates further environmental problems |
| Epidemeology | causes of disease and death |
| What are two types of Atmospheric science | climatology and meteorology |
| climatology | studies climate (advance predictive ability) |
| meteorology | studies weather (poor predictive ability) |
| Geology | study of sediments, rocks, etc. |
| Hydrology | study of the physics of water |
| ecology | science that studies relationship between organisms and environment distribution and abundance of organisms |
| What are the three types of ecological sciences? | Physiological, behavioral, and ecosystem ecology. |
| Physiological ecology | sensory biology |
| behavioral ecology (2 types) | population bio— study single species community bio— multiple species |
| ecosystem ecology | interaction with abiotic (non-living) environment |
| What do physiological and behavioral ecology mainly focus on in contrast to ecosystem ecology? | biotic (living) processes. |
| Types of science-environmental decision making? | epidemeology, atmospheric sciences, geology, hydrology, and ecology |
| field survey | amount of space and time available studies natural patterns and multiple lines of evidence |
| manipulative experiment | change hypothesized causual factor (cause and effect) |
| mathematical theory | demography (graphs)- births and deaths |
| Environmental ethics | applied values |
| what wild life was endangered during the 1900's? | white tail deer, elf, turkey, bear, bobcats, mountain lions, wolves, beavers, and passenger pigeons (still extinct). |
| Pre-1900 ethics | wilderness was the enemy and people thought that resources were unlimited |
| Who was John Muir? | Scotland native who walked to florida but then decided to walk to California. He founded the Sierra Club, discovered Yosemite and Yellow Stone National Park. He believed in preservationist ethic |
| What is Muir Value? | spiritual and religious value of nature. He believed you were closer to god in his untouched creations; aesthetics. |
| What is preservationist ethic? | Very hands-off. The point is to preserve land, not construct it. |
| Utilitarian ethic | Use and management of land |
| Who was Gifford Pinchot? | He trained in forestry, father of forest service in US, governor and US Senator Rep of PA. He lead a lot of restoration projects. |
| what did Pinchot want to do with the forests? | He wanted wise use of forest and sustainability. |
| What did Pinchot value? | valued democratic fair share and in egalitarian. |
| what is egalitarian? | everyone is equal and gets fair use |
| what is sustainability? | able to be maintained at a certain rate or level |
| ecological land ethic | combination of preservation and utilitarian ethics: Preserve land but also use production. Preserve land for community, ecosystems and functions |
| who was Aldo Leopold | father of wildlife management, professor at University of Wisconsin, and formerly believed in wildlife control |
| history of environmental movement | started in approx. 1900; poor air quality, less development, more farmland, clear-cut forest, endangered wildlife |
| what wild life were endangered in the 1900's | white tail deer (almost extinct), turkey, bear, bobcats, mountain lion, elk, wolves, beavers, and passenger pigeons (still extinct). |
| Pre-1900 ethic beliefs | wilderness was the enemy—>must be conquered |
| who was a strong believer of the preservation ethic? | John Muir |
| what was the name of club that muir established | sierra club; preservation of sierra mountains. wanted to turn sierra mountains into national park |
| first national park | yellow stone |
| values of sierra club | spiritual religious value of nature; muir believed that you are closer to god in his untouched creations (aesthetics). |
| what kind of management did muir believe in? | hands-off approach to management |
| scientific basis for eco land ethic | sustainability and production |
| what country invented national parks | United states |
| environnemental economics | united states has a free market system, very hands off and maximizes wealth of people |
| requirements of environmental eco | transactions are voluntary, cost and benefits are known to buyer and seller, and cost of production must be included in purchase price, and must be accounted for by producer. |
| market failure | external costs not included in purchase cost |
| what are problems caused my market failure | poor decision making, makes other producers broke, economically wasteful. |
| examples of market failure | GAS PRICES-we are not paying for the environmental damage in purchase price. MILITARY- as long as we get our oil from other countries we will always need military to guard it |
| waste | environmental damage; creates human health problems |
| shared resources | air and water |
| benefits of including true costs of production | max economical growth and efficient use of resources-good for environment |
| types of values | direct, indirect, option, and existence value |
| direct value | consumption use |
| indirect use | values not involving consumption; real estate value, indirect benefits, climate and waste treatment |
| example of indirect benefits | air quality, water quality, prevents floods |
| option value | future value not yet known and national parks, bike and walking paths |
| existence value | preservation |
| methods of land conservation | public ownership, voluntary agreement, legal limites |
| federal land | most of US land was federally owned. Revolutionary war—transfer of state lands west of Appalachian. Ex. LA purchase, Alaska purchase, and WAR of 1812 |
| disposition of public lands | fertile lands were turned into private ownership lands-CT firelands of OH, grants to corporations, and individuals |
Created by:
aawebb12
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