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PP Ch 1
Pathophysiology Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Health | Physical, mental, and social well-being |
| Disease | Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis |
| Health Indicators | "Normal" values occur w/in a range of values & may vary depending on technology used for treatment, age, gender, genetics, environment, acuity level. |
| Pathophysiology | Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease. Involves anatomy, physiology, & pathology. |
| Diagnosis | Identification of a specific disease |
| Etiology | Causative factors of a particular disease |
| Iatrogenic | Disease that is caused by a treatment, procedure or a medical error |
| Idiopathic | The cause of a disease is unknown - we're idiots |
| Pathogenesis | Development of the disease |
| Acute Disease | Develops quickly, marked signs, short term |
| Chronic Disease | Often milder, develops gradually, persists for long time. Can devo if cause of acute disease not taken away or spontaneously. |
| Subclinical State | Pathologic changes occur, no obvious manifestations, can't diagnose yet. |
| Latent State | Present, but hidden & inactive. No symptoms or clinical signs are evident. |
| Prodromal Period | Usually has to do with acute disease. Early development of disease. Signs are non-specific or absent (malaise, fever). |
| Manifestations | Signs & symptoms of disease |
| Signs | What the clinician sees. Objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual. |
| Symptoms | What the patient tells you they feel. Subjective feelings that are apparent to the affected individual only. |
| Lesion | Describes a specific local change in tissue; may be clearly visible or microscopic |
| Syndrome | Collection of signs & symptoms characteristic of a specific disorder. Often affects more than one organ. |
| Remissions | No evidence of disease. Manifestations of the disease subside or are absent. |
| Exacerbations | Acute episode - opposite of remission. Manifestations of the disease increase. |
| Precipitating Factor | Condition that triggers an acute episode. (Ex. allergies -> asthma) |
| Complications | New secondary or additional problems. Often SE's of Tx. |
| Therapy | treatment measures to promote recovery or slow the progress of disease. Trying to take away S&S. |
| Sequelae | Unwanted outcomes of a primary condition (ex. joint damage from arthritis) |
| Convalescence | Period of recovery - leads to remission |
| Prognosis | Probable outcome of a disease |
| Rehabilitation | Maximizing function of diseased tissues |
| Epidemiology | Science of identifying the causative factors and tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease. (Ex. Asian females more likely to get osteoporosis) |
| Morbidity | # of people with a disease within a group - indicates the rate at which a disease occurs |
| Mortality | Indicates the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group. |
| Occurrence | Tracked by incidence and prevalence |
| Incidence | # of new cases w/in a given population in a given period of time |
| Prevalence | # of new/old/existing cases in a given population w/in a given time period |
| Communicable Disease | Infections that can be spread from one person to another |
| Atrophy | Decrease in the size of cells - results in reduced tissue mass |
| Hypertrophy | Increased cell SIZE - results in enlarged tissue mass |
| Hyperplasia | Increased NUMBER of cells - results in enlarged tissue mass |
| Metaplasia | One mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type d/t chronic injury over time. |
| Dysplasia | Disorganized cells that vary in size & shape w/ large nuclei - May be precancerous change, or due to chronic inflammation. |
| Anaplasia | Undifferentiated primitive cells of abnormal size & shape - characteristic of cancer cells |
| Neoplasm | "New Growth" - abnormal growth of new cells - commonly called tumor - may be benign or malignant |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death - normal occurrence - may increase d/t developmental abnormalities or injuries of cell |
| Ischemia | Decreased blood supply to organ or tissue |
| Hypoxia | Reduced oxygen in tissues |
| Physical Damage | Excessive heat or cold; Radiation exposure |
| Mechanical Damage | Pressure or tearing of tissue |
| Chemical Toxins | Exogenous: from environment Endogenous: from inside body |
| Microorganisms | i.e. bacteria & viruses |
| Abnormal Metabolites | Cells can't handle certain breakdown products in a cell - Genetic disorders, Inborn errors of metabolism, Altered metabolism |
| Nutritional Deficits | Ex. Scurvy - not enough Vit C |
| Necrosis | Death or destruction of tissue |
| Liquefaction Necrosis | Dead cells liquefy d/t release of cell enzymes, ex. stroke |
| Coagulative Necrosis | Cell proteins are altered or denatured, leading to coagulation. |
| Fat necrosis | Fatty tissue is broken down into FA's in the presence of infection or certain enzymes |
| Caseous Necrosis | Form of coagulation necrosis - thick, yellowish "cheesy" substance forms - common in TB infections |
| Infarction | An area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation |
| Gangrene | An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria |
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