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Bio Exam 1
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pairs of cocci = | diplococci |
| chain of cocci= | steptococci |
| two planes of 2 cocci= | tetrads |
| multiple planes and grapelike | staphylococci |
| sugar coat | glycocalyx |
| glycocalyx | gelatinous plymer external to the cell wall; compoased of polysaccharides and polypeptides |
| firmly attached glycocalyx | capsule |
| loosely attached glycocalyx | slime layer |
| job of glycocalyx | protects from phagocytosis; attaches to surfaces; protects from dehydration |
| no flagella = | atrichous |
| one flagella = | monotrichous |
| flagella @ both ends = | amphitrichous |
| two or more @ one or both ends (flagella) = | lophotrichous |
| flagella over entire cell = | peritrichous |
| taxis = | movement of a bacterium toward or away froma particular stimulus |
| taxis toward light = | phototaxis |
| G+ cell wall | thick peptidoglycan; teichoic acids |
| G- cell wall | no peptidoglycan, no teichoic acids, lipids present |
| fimbriae | hold fast to the environment |
| axial filament | for motility of a spiral |
| pilus/pili | 1, sometimes 2; allows it to attach and acts as a hollow bridge between two |
| what is plasma membrane made of? | phopholipids; lipid bilayer |
| cytoplasm composition | thick, aqueous; contains proteins, carbs, lipids, inorganic ions; ribosomes |
| ribosome function and location | protein synthesis; in cytoplasm; or in inclusion |
| what is an inclusion? | reserve deposit, not a formal object; temporary |
| what is a plasmid? | round DNA, not part of chromosome; codes for only 1 thing; causes antibiotic resistance; can be passed; temporary in cell |
| endospore? | formed in gram-positive cells; survive extreme conditions; germinate when conditions return to normel and recreate cell |
| what is it called when endospore is found in the middle of the cell? | central |
| endospore towards an end = | sub-terminal |
| endospore at the end = | terminal |
| what is a bacteria called if it requires light as energy source? | phototroph |
| if organic molecules are energy source? | chemotrophs |
| if CO2 is carbon source = | lithotrophs or autotrophs |
| if organic molecules are carbon source = | heterotrophs |
| what are all the necessities of growing bacteria? | energy, carbon, N,S,P, Metallic elements, Vitamins, H2O |
| what kind of media adds extra nutrients? | enriched |
| what kind of media simply keeps bacteria alive? | maintenance media |
| which media inhibits some growth and permits others? | selective |
| what kind of media acts as a pH indicator? | differential |
| what is used in an enriched media? | sheep blood, sometimes CSF or amino acids |
| what is used in selective media? | salt and anitbiotics, sometimes acid or base |
| what is used in differential media? | sugar and protein and pH indicator |
| aerobes | require O2 |
| what is it called when O2 kills an organism? | anaerobe |
| microaerophilic | small amount of O2 |
| what can survive with, or without O2 | facultative |
| "strict" or "obligate" | have to have that particular condion in order to survive |
| what prefers cold temperatures? | psychrophiles |
| wants 25-40 degrees celsius, includes humans | mesophiles |
| thermophiles | survive in hot- 45-60 degrees |
| what calculates percent transmittance in oder to count organisms | spectrophotometer |
| 4 stages of growth curve | lag phase, log phase, stationary, death phase |
| what is an enzyme made of? | protein |
| T/F= enzymes are specific? | T |
| cofactor = | mineral |
| coenzyme= | vitamin |
| what are intracellular enzymes? | endoenzyme |
| exoenzymes = | extracellular |
| what is it called when enzymes are always present in cells? | constitutive |
| what is adaptive/induced enzyme? | only made when substrate present, out of need |
| what is non-reversible inhibition of enzymes? | denaturing it through heat or acid |
| what kind of inhibition takes cofactor or coenzyme? | reversible, non-competitive |
| what kind of enzyme inhibitor binds to site as substrate so substrate can't? | reversible, compeitive |
| who invented the microscope? | Janssen |
| who published Micrographia and was the first to see an organism in a microscope? | Hooke |
| who was the "father of microbiology" because he was the first to see bacteria- from his teeth | van Leeuwenhoek |
| who was the first to stain microorganisms w/ methyone blue in 1881? | Koch and Ehrlich |
| who made the first differential stain, making things different colors? | Gram, gram stain |
| this man found the cure for syphillis, the first chemotheraputic? | ehrlich |
| who was the first to use solid media? | Koch |
| what were koch's postulates? | find same org. in every case, isolate it in pure culture; innoculate org in healthy hosts and they get the disease; can isolate same org as in the 1st |
| who disproved spontaneous generation and explained fermentation? | Pasteur |
| who found that aging the culture of cholera made it unharmful and discovered a vaccine for it? | Pasteur |
| Who discovered the endospore? | Tyndall |
| who was the OBGYN who washed his hands before delivering? | Semmelweis |
| who began disinfecting tools and bandages? | Lister |
| who made the first vaccination, from "cow pox"? | Jenner |
| who discovered antitoxins, moving antibodies from animals to humans? | Von Behring and Kitasato |
| who discovered phagocytosis? | Metchnikoff |
| what did fleming do? | founded first antibiotic- penicillin; inhibited growth of staff |
| what is a stain that uses only one stain? | simple stain |
| what is a stain that uses multiple reagents and the bacteria react differently? | differential stain |
| what is the ion that is colored in a stain referred to as? | a chromophore |
| if a stain uses a positive ion it is a ________ stain | basic |
| if the ion used in a stain is negative, it is a _______ stain | acidic |
| what is a stain that stains the backgound by leaves teh bacteria unstained? | negative stain |
| how is a smear made? | by spreading a bacterial suspension on a clean slide and allowing it to air dr y |
| why must the smear be fixed? | to kill the bactera |
| why must bacterias be denatured through chemical fixing or heat fixing? | to prevent it from digesting cell parts which causes it to break; it also enhances its adherence to the slide |
| T/F- the acid- fast stain is a simple stain | F- it is a differential stain |
| what do the cell walls of acid-fast organisms contain? | Mycolic acid- waxlike lipid |
| what does mycolic acid do to cell walls? | it makes the wall impermeable to most stains |
| what does the Ziehl-Neelsen procedure use to treat smears? | carbolfuchsin |
| what is the second agent added to an acid-fast stain? | methylene blue, in order to observe teh non-acid-fast organisms |
| what kind of stain identify and study teh structure of bacteria? | structural stains |
| when are endospores formed? | when essential nutrients or water are not available |
| why is heat usually applied to endospores during staining? | they are impermeable to most stains, so heat is applied to drive the stain into it |
| why will simple stains not adhere to capsules? | because it is nonionic |
| when is mycolic acid used? | in acid-fast staining |
| what type of microscope shows dark objects in a bright field? | a brightfield compound microscope |
| the basic frame of the microscope consists of: | a base |
| what holds the slide on the microscope? | the stage |
| what is the arm of a microscope for? | carrying the microscope |
| what is the body tube? | contains mirrors and prisms that transmit the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens |
| where is the light source? | in the base |
| what is a lens system that condenses light before it passes through the speicimen called? | the condenser |
| what controls the angle and size of the cone of light, controls the amount of light that will reach the slide? | the iris diaphragm |
| what are the primary lenses that magnify the speciman? | the objective lenses, in 10x, 40x, and 100x |
| what is the course adjustment used for? | focusing with the low-power objectives |
| what is used for focusing the specimen, by changing the distance between the specimen and lens? | the fine-adjusment |
| what is teh ability of lenses to reveal fine detail, or two points distinctly separated called? | resolution |
| smaller or bigger wavelengths of light improve resolving power? | smaller |
| what is the result of using oil? | light lost is minimized, and the lens focuses very close |
| focal point= | where teh light rays converge and an image is formed |
| what is when teh periphery is fuzzy becuase of teh curvature of the lens making multiple focal points? | spherical aberration |
Created by:
nbfilter
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