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bio 122 1
chap 14 blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what type of tissue is blood | connective |
| what is the prefix of blood | hemo or hema |
| what is the functional unit of blood | cappilaries |
| where does nearly all exchange of materials between the blood | cappilaries |
| cv system is made up of what | heart and BVs that transport blood throughout the body |
| blood is a connective tissue that does not have what | collegen or elastic fibers |
| what is the fuid part of blood called | plasma |
| how is blood measured; this measurement is equivalent to what | microliters/ cubic millimeter; one drop of blood |
| what makes up 45% of the blood volume | RBCs |
| def of hematocrit | percentage of RBCs, the packed cell volume |
| how many RBCs are there per microliter | 4.5 -5 million |
| hemaglobin has how many bonding sites for o2 | 4 |
| what is the buffy coat made up of | leukocytes and platelets |
| buffy coat makes up what percetage of blood | 1% |
| how many RWBCs are there per microliter | 5-10 thousand |
| what makes up 55% of the blood | plasma |
| what substances are found in plasma | water, amino acids, carbs, lipids, hormones, waste, vitamens, electrolytes. |
| what is the average amount of blood that a person has | 5 liters |
| what does the critical pH of blood need to be at ; average body temp | 7.35 - 7.45; 38 degrees celsius and 100 degrees f |
| where is erythropietin made | in the liver and kidneys |
| function of erythropoietin | a hormone tells red bone marrow to create RBCs |
| blood functions: how does it distribute | substances like o2, nutrition, waste, hormones, heat, |
| blood functions: how does it protect | builds immune cells, clots to prevent hemmorrage |
| blood functions: how does it regulate | regulates body temp, pH, electrolyte and salt balance, and fluids |
| what stem cell can produce any and all the blood cells | hemocytoblasts |
| what hormones stimulates the formattion of megakaryocytes which in turm break into what formed element | thrombopietin; platelets |
| def of erythrocytes ; what does its shape do | small 7 microns with a biconcave shape that increases surface size |
| hemaglobin: what type of protein is it | quaternary |
| hemaglobin: quaternary protein means what | it carries 4 amino acids |
| hemaglobin: where is it found | on the cell membrane of RBCs |
| hemaglobin: what happens when it combines with O2; name for this | it forms oxyhemoglobin and the RBC turns bright red |
| hemaglobin: what happens when oxygen is released from the cell ; name | RBC darkens; deoxyhemoglobin |
| hemaglobin: what happens when it combines to carbon dioxide name | carbaminohemoglobin; a form of carrying CO2 back to the lungs |
| def of hypocia | prolonged O2 deficiency, causes a bluish appearance on skin and mucous membranes |
| RBCs: is there a nucleus | no |
| RBCS: how long do they last | 120 days |
| def of erythropoiesis | RBC formation |
| erythropoiesis: where does this occur for infants; why ; where in adults | yolk sac, liver, spleen; b/c do not have enough bone marrow to supply enough initially - they do not have bones!; Red bone marrow |
| erythropoietin: abrev; when is it produced; what type of feedbackprocess is this | EPO; not enough oxygen present in the blood (high altitude, loss of blood, lung disease, inceased aerobic exercise); negative |
| erythropoietin: when this is released RBC % can increase by how much | 45-65% |
| what diatary factors are important for RBC production | Vit b12, folic acid, iron |
| diatary factors are important for RBC production: what happens if one's liver is lacking the intrinsic factor to properly absorb Vit b12 | pernicious anemia where the RBC are enlarged and fragile, shorter life span |
| diatary factors are important for RBC production: what should you eat to increase vitB12 in diet | meat, liver, milk eggs |
| diatary factors are important for RBC production: what should you eat to increase flic acid in diet | liver green leafy veggies |
| diatary factors are important for RBC production: why is iron so importatn | b/c eah hemoglobin molecule has 4 Fe (iron abrev) atoms, |
| def of anemia | def of rbc's or hemoglobin |
| what organs breakdown RBCs | liver and spleen |
| when RBCs are broken down after their life span oglobin is broken down into what | heme, the iron containing portion and globin the protein part of the cell |
| break down of RBC: heme is then borken down into what | iron and green pigment called billivervin |
| break down of RBC: after iron is released from heme how is it recycled | it combines to a protein called tranferrin and goes to bone marrow and is recycled there or stored in the liver as ferrin |
| break down of RBC: after biliverdin lis released from heme what is it converted to | bilirubin |
| break down of RBC: biliverdin and bilirubin forms what | bile pigments |
| break down of RBC: what happens to the bilirubin if the liver is not functionign properly; s/s of this | it circulates in the blood ; yellowing of the skin , brain damage |
| break down of RBC: what is physiologic jaundice | high bilirubin levels in newborns |
| break down of RBC: why is bile important | it is the emulsifying agent in digestion, soap for the fats |
| what is the 1 s/s of serrosous of the liver | jaundice |
| WBC: what are the two classes of WBC granulocytes and agranulocytes | granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| WBC: what are the 3 types of granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| WBC: granulocytes- def of neutrophils ; color | many lobes, most common, light purple in acid based stain |
| WBC: what is their size compared to RBC; how long do they live | 2x, 12 hours |
| WBC: WBC: granulocytes- whatis primary function of neutrophils | phagocytize small bacteria, fungus and virus |
| WBC: granulocytes- def of eosinophils; function and color | course granules, bilobed stain dark red only 1% of WBC; phagocytize parasites and control inflammation in allergic reaction |
| WBC: granulocytes- def of basophils and color; function | less of the than eosinophils, stain dark blue; migrate to damaged tissue histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to |
| WBC: agranulocytes- defof monocytes; function; | teh largest WBC, 3-9%, live for months, ; mautre into macrophages that engulf and destroy large intruders |
| WBC: agranulocytes- defof lymphocytes; function | smallest of WBCs, 25-33% in sampple, nucleus makes of mostof cell; function in immunity and form antibodies to fight disease |
| WBC: defof diapedesis | process which WBCs can squeeze between capillary walls and can leave blood |
| WBC: defof ceotaxis: | a response to histamine that allows BV to change permeability, allowing blood cells and fluid to leave vessels more easilty ; when infection in area swells b/c permeability increases w/ local inflammation |
| WBC: what is average count in sample | 5-10 thousand |
| WBC: def of leukocytosis: ; indicates what | when # of WBC is >10,000/mm3; infection stress |
| WBC: defof leukopenia | when # of WBC is < 5,000 ; disease |
| platelets: aka | thrombocytes |
| platelets: these originate from what cell | frangmented megakaryocyte |
| platelets: do they have nucleus | no |
| platelets: how long do they live | 10 days |
| platelets: what is normal count in sample | 130,000- 360,000 |
| platelets: function | clotting, stop hemmhoraging, control blood flow, repair damaged BVs by sticking to surface, |
| platelets: what happens when they stick - what do tehy release; this hormone does what | seratonin; contracts smooth muscle (BVs) to slow down the blood flow |
| blood plasma: what is the contents of blood plasma | water, inorganic salts, lipds, carbs, amino acids, vitamens, plasma proteins |
| blood plasma: def of plasma proteins; name them | remain and function inthe bloof b/c they are too large to diffuse out of blood, not used as energy, maintain osmatic pressure and prevent edema; albumins, globulins, fibrigens |
| blood plasma- plasma prtoeins: albumins- def; made where; what percentage of plasma proteins are theyse | critical in maintainign osmotic pressure to regulate water balance between blood and body tissue, helps control blood volume and BP, binds and carries otehr molecules like bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones (tells them where to go; liver; 60%; |
| blood plasma- plasma prtoeins: globulins- def; made where; what percentage of plasma proteins are theyse | 3 kinds: alpha beta gamma,alpha beta transport fat soluble vitamins , gamma antibodies in immunity; alpha beta in liver, gamma in lymphatic; 36% |
| blood plasma- plasma prtoeins: fibrinogen- def; made where; what percentage of plasma proteins are theyse | blood clotting; liver; 4% |
| blood plasma- how do you know is a vitimen is fat or non fat soluble | vit A,E, etc means fat soluble named ones are water soluble |
| blood plasma- nutrients:- name them | amino acids, simple sugars, lipids, |
| blood plasma- nutrients:- simple sugars : function; can be converted to what | primary source of energy; glycogen or fat |
| blood plasma- nutrients:- amino acids: function | broken down and used for energy |
| blood plasma- nutrients:- lipids: function; names | combine with proteins and are referred to as lipoproteins and fits with receptor sites of specific target cells in lvier ;triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol |
| blood plasma- nuwhat are the blood gases | o2 and co2 |
| blood plasma- nonprotein nitrogenous substances: aka; def; types | NPN; molecules that contain nitrogen but are not proteins; amino acids, urea, iruc acid, creatine, creatinine, |
| blood plasma- nonprotein nitrogenous substances: def of deamination | the process of breaking off nitrogen off a protein |
| blood plasma- plasma electrolytes: are tehy charged?; def; what are the 2 categoriees | yes; tehy are absorbed from the intestines or a by product of metabolism they help regulate osmotic pressure and pH of plasma; cation and anions |
| blood plasma- plasma electrolytes: def of cation and names; defof anions and names | positive charge na+, ca++, k+, mg+; negative charge and cl-, hco3- |
| def of hemostasis ; what does body do | stop bleeding, body has several lines of defense to do this; vessel spasm, platelet plug, blood coagulation |
| hemostasis: def of BV spasm | small vessels do this to pinch and contract BV to stop bleeding platelets also release serotonin a vasocontrictor |
| hemostasis: def of paltelet plug formation | next line of defense after BV spasm, the platelets stick to rough surfaces and eachother to form plug |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: def ; name of two types | clotting- the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen with help of many clotting factors, used for larger vessels; intrinsic and extrinsic |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: def of extrinsic | means the initial factor comes grom the damaged tissue, or outside blood itself |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: def of intrinsic | from w/in so mechanism starts with chemicals w/in the blood |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: what first initiates cycle; damaged tissue releases what | thromboplastin |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: the thromboplastin then is converted to ___ in the presence of ___ | prothrombin activator; CA++ |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: what protein produced by the liver is present in blood at all times | prothrombin |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: prothrombin activator in the presences of ___ interacts with prothrombin to create new substance called __ | thrombin |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: thrombin in the presence of CA++ will react with fibrogen (a plasma protein) to form what | a sticky substance stringy mass called fibrin |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: where do the fibrin fibers stick | to ends of damaged tissue and become entangled forming a mass called a blood clot |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: what happens to thrombin once it is produced | it stimulates the production of more prothrombin to produce more and more fibrin to stop the blood flow |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: what type of feedback system is this | positive |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: thromboplastin is found where | in the damaged tissue not blood |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: extrrinsic: order step by step | damaged tissue- thromboplstin + CA++= prothrombin activator - prothrombin activator in presence of CA++ + prothrombin in blood = thrombin - thrombin with CA++ + fibrinogen = fibrin= a fibrin blood clot |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: what does antithrombin do | is it present in bloof and endothelial tissue along with flowing blood prevents excess vlotting. |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: intrinsic: def | in this process all components are found in blood |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: intrinsic: how does clot start | a substance called the hagerman factor |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: intrinsic: the hagermen factor is activator when the blood is exposed to what | a foreign substance |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: intrinsic: in the presence of ___ the hagerman factoris then converted in to what ; after this are the steps same as extrinsic | CA++; prothrombin activaor ;yes |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: what is the fate of blood clots | soon after clot is formed small processes that form on platelets attach to fibrin and contract, serum is squeezed from clot and it gets smaller (pulling edges closer), |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: platelets release what ; this promotes what | platelet derived growth factor; stimulates repair of vessel |
| hemostasis: blood ocagulation: what happens if the clot is too big to be dissolved | the body will form a lot of collagen around clot to isolate it and reroute the blood around it |
| def of thrombus | abnormal blood clot |
| def of embolism | clot is moving can move until caught in narrow place |
| atherosclerosis def | hardening of the arteries |
| prevention of clotting: how does the endothelium of BV help | it has negative charge and prostaglandins which is a substance that prevents blood clots |
| prevention of clotting: what does antithrombin do | prevents thrombin from binding to fibrogen |
| prevention of clotting: what does heparin do | anticoagulant produced by basophils and made in lining of lungs and liver |
| prevention of clotting: why is heparin made in lining of lungs and liver | this is where the blood moves slowly |
| blood typing: def of agglutination | clumping of RBC when testing bloof compatibility or resulting from a transfusion reaction |
| blood typing: def of antigens | RBC sruface molecules there are two groups ABO and rH, connected ot RBCs |
| blood typing: defof antibodies | proteins carried in teh plasma that are anti/ against a specific antigen, they float free in plasma |
| blood typing: TYpe A: what antigen; what antibody | A on RBC membrane; B in plasma |
| blood typing: TYpe B: what antigen; what antibody | B on RBC membrane; A in plasma |
| blood typing: TYpe AB: what antigen; what antibody | A&B on RBC membrane; none in plasma |
| blood typing: TYpe O: what antigen; what antibody | none on RBC membrane; A&B in plasma |
| blood typing: what happens if rH neg. person is transfused with Rh= blood | the person is sensitized to Rh= blood and the body builds up memory cells of antibodies that it initially produced , exposure to next RH= blood will cause prob |
| blood typing: def of erythroblastosis fetalis | Rh- mom is preg with rH+ fetus, no harm to first baby, but body builds up antibodies anti Rh+, second fetus is attacked if it has Rh+ blood |
| blood typing: def of kernicterus | brain damager from second infant with rH- mom, result of bilirubin percipitaiotn in brain tissue injuring neurons |
| blood typing: why is rhogam used | after pregnacy to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis |
| a RBC lacks what | nucleus and mitocondria |
| RBC count reflects what | bloods oxygen carrying capacity |
| low blood oxygen causes the kidneys and liver the release what; this stimulates what | EPO; RBC production |
| anemias: aplasitc anemia - cause; defect | toxic chemicals, radiation; damaged bone marrow |
| anemias: hemolytic anemia - cause; defect | toxic chemicals; RBC damage |
| anemias: iron deficiancy anemia - cause; defect | dietary lack of iron; hemoglobin deficiency |
| anemias: pernicious anemia - cause; defect | inability to absorb vit B12; excess of inmature cells |
| anemias: sickle cell anemia - cause; defect | defective gene; RBC abnormally shaped |
| anemias: thalassemia anemia - cause; defect | defetive gene; hemoglobin deficient RBCs short life span |
| RBC: when the RBC is destroyed how is the iron recycled | in the synthesis of new hemoglobin or is stored in the liver as ferritin |
| basohpils: they release what two substances | histamine and heparin |
| basophils: what does heparin do | anticoagulant and keeps blood from clotting |
| basophils: what does histamine do when it is released | it causes tissue to swell in an allergic reaction |
| basophils: what does one take to decrease swelling | antihistamine |
| WBC: what one has a kidney shaped nucleus | monocyte |
| WBC: what one is largetst | monocyte |
| WBCS: what one is smallest | lymphocytes |
| what is a differential WBC count | this lsits the percentages of types of leukocytes |
| plasma: what substance is most abundant in it | water 92% |
| plasma: do plasma proteins dissolve | yes they are solutes |
| nonprotein nitrogenous substances: urea is a product of what | protein catabolism |
| nonprotein nitrogenous substances: uric acid is a product of what | nucleic acid catabolism |
| nonprotein nitrogenous substances: amino acids is a product of what | protein catabolism |
| nonprotein nitrogenous substances: creatinine is a product of what | creatine storage |
| what are the 2 most abundant plasma electrolytes | sodium and chloride |
| what triggers a blood vessel spasm | pain receptors or serotonin |
| how many liters of blood do we have | 5 |
| what stimulates the megalaryocytes to proliferate and become platelets | thrombopoietin |
| hemocytoblasts differenciate into what two stem cells | myeloid stem cells lymphoid stem cell |
| each RBC is about ____ hemoglobin in volume | 1/3 |
| iron is required for what synthesis | hemogobin |
| granulocytes means what | they have granular cytoplasm |
| what is the smalest of plasma proteins | albumin |
| plasma electrolytes are absorbed wehre and released as byproducts of what | from the intestines; cellular metabolism |
| endothelial cells produce prostaglandin what dpes this do | inhibits the adherence of platelets to inner sruface of healthy BV walls |
Created by:
jmkettel
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