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A&P chap 2
The Chemical level of organization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is matter made up of? | Elements and compounds |
| All mater is made of_____ | atoms |
| Everything that occupies space has_____ | mass |
| nucleus made of: | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| protons have a ______ charge | positive |
| neutrons have a ______ charge | no |
| electrons have a _______ charge | negative |
| What is pure and cannot be broken down into 2 or more substances | elements |
| _________ can be broken down into the elements that compose them | compounds |
| O | oxygen |
| C | carbon |
| H | hydrogen |
| N | nitrogen |
| Ca | calcium |
| P | phosphorus |
| K | potassium |
| Na | sodium |
| Cl | chlorine |
| Mg | magnesium |
| S | sulfur |
| Fe | iron |
| I | iodine |
| _____ elements are present in the human body | 26 |
| ____ major elements and ____ trace elements | 11, 15 |
| 4 elements that male up 96% of the human body are: | C (carbon), O (oxygen), H (hydrogen), N (nitrogen) |
| interactions between atoms | chemical bonds |
| ______ is formed when 2 atoms share electrons in their outer energy level | molecules |
| when more thn 1 element combined | compound |
| 3 types of bonds are | ionic, covalent, and hydrogen |
| formed by transfer of electrons, results from attraction between atoms that have become charged are: | Ionic (electrovalent) bonds |
| sharing 1 or more pairs of electrons in outer energy level of 2 atoms, very important bond in physiology | covalent bonds |
| involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons | nonpolar covalent bond |
| involved the unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a diproportionately strong pull on the electrons | polar convalent bonds |
| Not like other bonds, these do not form new molecules, much weaker, result from unequal charge distribution in a molecue | hydrogen bonds |
| interactions between atoms and molecules | chemical reaction |
| materials going itno a reaction | reactants |
| materials coming out of a reaction | products |
| all of the reactions that are occuring at one time | metabolism |
| 3 types of reactions | synthesis, decomposition, exchange |
| 2 or more reactants combine-they form a more complex product, new bonds are formed | synthesis reaction |
| breakdown of complex substance-into 2 or more simpler substances, bonds are broken down | decomposition reaction |
| 2 different reactans exchange components-forms 3 new products | exchange reactions |
| proceed in both reactions, synthesis decompostition, and exchange reactions can be | reversible |
| ________ is the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started | activation energy |
| _____are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions | enzymes |
| 2 major types of metabolic activity | catabolism, anabolism |
| chemical reactions that break down the complex substances | catabolism |
| chemical reactions that join simple molecules together | anabolism |
| 2 kinds of compunds in living organisms | organic and inorganic |
| composed of a mixture of C-C and C-H bonds, larger and more complex, different functional groups that change the properties of the compound | organic compound |
| less complez, few contain carbon, water is the best known example | inorganic compound |
| crade of life, all living things require ____ to survive, is about 70% of our body | water |
| acids, bases, salts, and other inorganic substances | electrolytes |
| elecrolytes form charged articles called | ions |
| ions with a positive charge | cations |
| ions with a negative charge | anions |
| proton donors, release H ion when in solution, water dissociates in continuous reversible reaction | acids |
| completely or almost completely dissociate, produce a lot of H+ | strong acids |
| dissociate very little, produce less H= in solution | weak acids |
| a ____ is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution and thereby acts as a proton acceptor | base |
| measure acidity and alkanility | the pH scale |
| neutral solution | pH 7 |
| if pH is less than 7 the solution is | acidic |
| if the pH is more than 7 it is | alkaline or basic |
| _____ are compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions | buffers |
| ______ is an ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion, and any anion except a hydroxide ion | salt |
| _________ contain carbon, carbon can join with 4 other atoms | organic molecules |
| organic molecules has 4 major groups substances, they are: | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids |
| long carbon chains linked together, sugar and starches are in this group | carbohydrates |
| carbohydrates are divided into 3 classes: | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| short carbon chains, glucose (most important simple sugar), other important 6 C sugars (fructose, galactose) Important 5 C sugars (ribose, deoxyribose) | monosaccharides |
| ________________ are made up of 2 monosaccharides joined together through synthesis reaction (water is removed), sucrose (table sugar) and maltose are two important________ | disaccharides |
| ______________ consist of many monosaccharides joined together, form straight or branched chains | polysaccharides |
| large molecules made up of many identical small molecules, polysaccharides are _____ of monosaccharides | polymer |
| animal starch. main polysaccharide in the body, huge compound, molecular weight is estimated at several million: | glycogen |
| _______ contain C,H,O , water-insoluble organic biomolecules, oil-like cinsistency and greasy feel, dissolve in nonpolar organic solvents: | lipids |
| They are 4 classes of lipids: | triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, prostaglandins |
| most abundant lipid, body's most concentrated source of energy, made up of glycerol and fatty acids: | triglycerides |
| _______ are available bonds in the carbon chain that are filled, no double bonds | saturated fatty acids |
| _______ have one or more double bonds in the carbon chain, not all of the carbons are saturated with hydrogen | unsaturated fatty acids |
Created by:
coffeecake49
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