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108 Exam #1
Vet 108
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | structure&form&shape |
| Physiology | function of parts |
| What is meant by regional approach to anatomy? | Study structures in one specific area |
| What is meant by systematic approach to anatomy? | Study different organ systems |
| List several body systems and main components of each | Digestive-large intestine, stomach, small intestine. Respiratory- lungs, nasal cavity |
| What is meant by integument? | covering over body |
| What is the endocrine system composted of? | Hormones secreted from glands |
| List several organs in the thoracic cavity | lungs, heart |
| List several organs in the abdominal cavity | stomach, ovaries |
| Where is the pleura membrane found? | thoracic cavity |
| Where is the pericardium membrane found? | in the heart |
| Where is the peritoneum membrane found? | abdominal cavity |
| What is the visceral layer of a membrane? | The outer surface of organs |
| What is the parietal layer of a membrane? | lines cavity walls |
| Define cell | the smallest form that can carry out the functions of lie |
| Define tissue | group of cells |
| Define organ | Groups of tissues |
| Define system | Group of organs |
| List several life functions carried out by cells | Metabolism, reproduction, growth, mobility |
| What are the 4 types of tissues found in an animal | Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscle |
| Function of epithelial | surrounds body surfaces and lining inside |
| Function of connective | structure and support |
| Function of nervous | communication |
| Function of muscle | mobility |
| Define Homeostasis | state of equalibrium where everything is balanced |
| Why is homeostasis so critical in an animal | because when become unbalanced, they get sick |
| Define Morphology | study of form, shape, and structure |
| Define metabolism | animals break down food for energy, then use that energy to build something else that the cell needs |
| What is the difference between secretion and excretion? | secretion-useful products used outside the cell (hormones) excretion-waste product |
| List 4 reasons why small animals have an easier time completing metabolic functions | 1) proportionately larger SA 2)nucleus can operate better with a smaller cell 3)less active so needs less energy 4)needs are less cuz smaller |
| What cell is multi-nucleated and why? | Muscle bc most active |
| 3 essential structures found in all mammalian cells | cell membrane, cytoplasma, and nucleus |
| Function of cell membrane | keep cell separate from environment |
| Composition of cell membrane | proteins and phospholipids |
| Structure of plasma membrane according to fluid mosiac model | lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads on outside and hydrophobic tails on inside |
| what property of molecules determines if they will pass through the cell membrane | lipid solubility will pass through, water soluble will not |
| What are cell membrane receptors | integral proteins and glycoproteins |
| Function of cell membrane receptors | communication. cell-to-cell recognition |
| How do cilia function | wave like movements. found in large numbers and short |
| How do flagella function | vibration movements. singularly found and long |
| 2 places cilia are located and function at each location | 1)upper respiratory tract-propel mucus and bacteria away from lungs 2) oviduct-pulls eggs into opening of oviduct |
| 4 components of cytoplasm | 1)cytosol 2)cytoskeleton 3)organelles 4)inclusions |
| What are types of molecules found in cytosol of the cytoplasm | electrolytes, proteins, amino acids, simple sugars, and water |
| What is the most abundant component of cytosol | water |
| list several inclusions found in the cell | fat droplets and lipid droplets |
| what is an inclusion | what the cell produced or what cell brought in |
| define organelle | structures in a cell designed for a specific function |
| draw the 6 organelles of the cell | draw the 6 organelles of the cell |
| during the process of cellular respiration, o2 is consumed, co2 is excreted, and what useful product is made? | ATP |
| What is ATP | energy source |
| What are proteins made of? | amino acids |
| 2 primary functions of the nucleus | storage of genetic material. controls cellular activities through protein synthesis |
| 4 components of the nucleus | nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleoli |
| what is chromatin? | genetic material of the cell that is not dividing. |
| what is the genetic material of the cell called? | chromatin |
| How is chromosomes different from chromatin? | chromatin-non-dividing clump. chromosomes-when cell starts dividing, chromatin turn into chromosomes |
| What is a gene? | A specific part of the chromosomes |
| What does the nucleolus look like? | dark-staining spherical patch in the nucleus |
| function of nucleolus | produces ribosomal subunits |
| What is the primary component of the fluid found in all mammalian cells? | water |
| Where is interstitial fluids found | between cells, right around the cell |
| What is an electrolyte? | charged particle dissolved in water capable of conducting an electrical current in solution |
| What do acids release? | H+ |
| What do bases release? | OH- |
| Name 3 important body functions affected by unbalanced pH | walking, breathing, and seizures |
| What is the difference between active and passive transport | active requires energy, passive does not |
| what are the 4 passive transport processes? | diffusion, facilitation diffusion, osmosis, and filtration |
| How does diffusion work | molecules go from high concentrations to low concentration |
| How does facilitation diffusion work? | molecules go from high to low with help of a carrier protein |
| How does osmosis work? | unbalanced, and particles are too big to move through membrane, so water mover from low concentration to high to dilute high |
| Example of facilitated diffusion | glucose into the cell by insulin |
| Isotonic | cell stays same size, water moves in and out |
| Hypotonic | inside is higher, cell swells |
| Hypertonic | inside is lower, cell shrinks |
| what passive transport process causes isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic conditions? | osmosis |
| What transport do excretion and secretion use to get rid of molecules? | Active transport |
| What are the 2 principal ions involved in maintaining a cells resting membrane potential? | K+ and Na+ |
| Which of K+ and Na+ are found in higher concentration inside the cell? | K+ higher inside. Na+ higher outside |
| What are the 5 stages of mitosis | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| How is mitosis and meiosis similar? different? | both deal with division process. mitosis-split chromosomes meiosis-half from each parent |
| How does mitosis work? | Chromosomes duplicate, line up in middle, split, and separate into 2 cells |
| List several diseases in animals caused by viruses | Feline Leukemia, Canine parvoviral enteritis, and rabies |
| What is a prion? | protein infectious particle |
| How is a prion different from a virus? | Prion lacks DNA and RNA |
| Name several diseases in animals caused by prions | Scrapie, chronic wasting disease, mad cow (BSE) |
| What do prions usually target | Brain tissue |
| Defintion of nutrient | substance derived from food that is used by the body to carry out its normal functions |
| List the 6 nutrient categories | water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and mineralys |
| Which 3 nutrient groups are capable of producing energy? | carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins |
| give 2 examples of essential nutrients | Guinea pigs need vitamin c and cats need taurine |
| what nutrient is most important for survival and why | water. involved in almost all metabolic processes |
| What are 3 examples of ways water is used in the body | 1)lubricant for body tissues 2)circulatory and transport medium 3)chemical reaction in digestion |
| Where do most dietary carbohydrates come from? | plants |
| What are the 3 categories of carbohydrates? | 1) sugars 2) starch 3)cellulos |
| Which monosaccharide results from breaking down larger molecules and is readily used for making ATP energy? | Glucose |
| 2 types of cells that must rely on glucose for energy | red blood cells and neurons |
| What is glucose converted to before being stored in the liver? | Glycogen |
| 2 ways glucose can be stored | glycogen or adipose |
| 4 categories of lipids | 1) neutral fats 2) phospholipids 3) steroids 4) other lipid substances |
| What are neutral fats referred to when they are solid? | Fats |
| What are neutral fats referred to when they are liquid? | Oils |
| What are neutral fats made of? | Fatty accids & glycerol |
| What is saturated fat? | when carbon bonds have greatest number of hydrogen bonded to it as possible |
| What is unsaturated fat? | 1 or more double bonds |
| Examples of saturated fats | milk, cream, cheese, lard, and butter |
| Examples of unsaturated fats | seeds, nuts, and most vegetables |
| what role do volatile short-chain fatty acids play in ruminants? | provide energy |
| Which has the potential to produce more energy, fats or carbohydrates | fats |
| What are some important roles of fats in the body | insulator, cushions vital organs, and tastest good(get animals to eat) |
| What are phospholipids | modified triglycerides |
| What are phospholipids derived from? | cell membranes of plants and animals |
| list several steroidal components in the body | cholesterol, bile salts, and sex hormones |
| What is most vital steroidal componnent? | cholesterol, bc all other can be made from it |
| Where does cholesterol come from? | Food-egg yolks, meat and cheese. Body-liver |
| What types of bonds hold amino acids together? | peptide bond |
| Where in the cell are proteins made? | Ribosomes |
| In what food is the largest amount of essential amino acids present? | meat, eggs, and dairy |
| why is meat considered complete proteins? | contains all essential amino acids |
| If amino acids cant be stored, what happens to them? | oxidized by cell to make energy or converted to fats |
| What is the ideal protein content in food? | includes all essential amino acids |
| What aids protein digestion in ruminants | microbes |
| What happens to ammonia generated during protein digestion in ruminants | absorbed through wall of rumen or used by microorganisms to make new proteins |
| What function do vitamins serve? | activates enzymes and enables to carry out metabolic reactions |
| What is the role of vitamin D | regulates calcium levels |
| What is the role of vitamin A | helps sensory cells in retina of eye detect light |
| Can animals manufacture vitamins? | no |
| Which 3 can be manufactured | D, K, and brotin |
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins | A, D, E, and K |
| What is the role of antioxidants | passes dangerous free radicals out of the cell (decativate and take the nutrients and break them down) |
| List vitamins that are potent aintioxidants | A, C, and E |
| What is a mineral? | inorganic substance that are essential for life |
| List example of macrominerals | calcium, chlorine, potassium, and sodium phosphorous |
| which 2 are most abundant | calcium&phosphorous |
| What is one of the most vital microminerals? | iron bc is the core of hemoglobin (makes red blood cells and carries oxygen) |
| What is cellular metabolism? | building molecules and breaking down nutrients, manufacturing, packaging, and excreting |
| difference between catabolic and anabolic metabolism | cat-break down to produce energy ana-stored energy to assemble new molecules from cat |
| What are the 3 nutrients broken down by catabolism | carbs(Glucose) proteins (Amino acids) and fats (fatty acids and glycerol) |
| Where does first stage of catabolism take place | Gastrointestinal tract |
| Where does the 2nd stage of catabolism take place | cytoplasm |
| What does anaerobic mean | metabolic process that does not use water |
| Where does the 3rd state of catabolism occur? | mitochondria |
| Why is catabolism so critical? | allows transfer of energy stored in nutrient molecules to be used |
| List several examples of anabolism in the cell | cell growth and cell movement |
| Is energy consumed or produce in anabolic processes | consumed |
| What are the molecules called that are acted upon by enzymes | substrate |
| Why are enzymatic reactions considered highly specific | 1 enzyme reacts with one 1 substrate |
| what is enzyme chemically made of | proteins |
| Why are enzymes considered to be catalysts | they speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. enzymes not used up in reactions |
| Examples of catalysts | enzymes, heat, iron, and chemicals |
| Goal of metabolizing nutrients derived from food | generate energy to keep the body functioning |
| What nutrient group supplies over half energy requirement | carbohydrates |
| Most common carbohydrate found in the blood? | Glucose |
| What is glucose primarily used for? | producing energy from ATP |
| Cell type that derives energy from ketones and fatty acids | skeletal muscle cells |
| When does lactic acid occur in skeletal muscle cells? | when cells run out of oxygen |
| How does lactic acid occur? | converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid |
| What is the result of lactic acids presence? | Muscle stiff, painful, and fatigue |
| Gram for gram, what has the most potential to produce more energy, fats or carbs? How much more? | Fats. twice |
| Which organ in primarily involved in lipid metabolism | liver |
| What are triglycerides broken down into? | 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains |
| Why are lipids more thought of as storage than energy? | Bc fat isn''t soluble in water and difficult to mobilize |
| Example of structural protein | Hair |
| Example of regulatory protein | Insulin |
| Example of transport protein | Hemoglobin (transports O2 in blood cell) |
| Example of protective protein | Antibodies |
| Describe the process of urine production | Deamination (breaking down of proteins) occurs in the liver. waste product is ammonia. Since ammonia is toxic, it is converted to urea. Urea is excreted with urine. |
| Define histology | Study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs |
| Epithelial location | surfaces and lining of the bladder, mouth, and thorax |
| 4 characteristics of epithelial | 1) little interstitial fluid 2)sense of direction (polar) 3)has nervous system imput 4)avascular (lacks blood supply) |
| Definition of basement membrane | cements cell to underlying tissue |
| Definition of microvilli | fingerlike projections that increase SA and help in absorption |
| Definition of cilia | long projections that propel |
| Definition of keratin | waterproof substance |
| Function of simple layer | reduce friction |
| 3 surface specializations seen in cells | microvilli, cilia, and keratin |
| Location of simple squamous epithelium | lining of lungs and kidneys |
| Fuctions of simple squamous epithelium | diffusion (secretion and absorption) |
| Location of simple cuboidal epithelium | lining of ducts of liver, pancreas, kidney, and salivary glands |
| Functions of simple cuboidal epithelium | Secretion |
| Location of simple columnar epithelium | GI tract and respiratory tract |
| Function of simple columnar epithelium | absorption and secrtetion |
| Location of stratified squamous epithelium | mouth, esophagus, and skin |
| Function of stratified squamous epithelium | replaces top layer |
| Location of psuedostratified columnar epithelium | repiratory tract and male repro tract |
| Function of psuedostratified columnar epithelium | movement of mucous and debris |
| Location of transitional epithelium | Urinary tract |
| Function of transitional epithelium | Stretching |
| Definition of gland | Cell or group that has ability to manufacture and secrete a product |
| Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands | Endocrine-has ducts and secretes hormones |
| Examples of Endocrine gland | Pituitary and adrenal |
| Examples of Exocrine gland | Sweat and salivary |
| Definition of goblet cells | Mucus secreting cell |
| Location of goblet cells | Respiratory and digestive tract |
| Function of mucus | Assists in entrapment of foreign particles |
| Difference between serous and mucous secretions | serous-watery and thin. high concentration of enzymes Mucous-thick, viscous, and composed of glycoproteins |
| What are serous and mucous secretions secreted by? | Glands |
| Appearance of connective tissue | Fibers and matrix and composed primarily of matrix |
| Difference between connective and epithelial | Epithelial is tightly packed and no fibers. connective has fibers and loosely packed |
| 3 components of connective tissue | Extracellular fibers, matrix, and cells |
| Types of connective tissue found in the body | Blood, tendon, fat, cartilage, and bone |
| What are GAGs? | Glycosaminoglycans. make up matrix material |
| What role do GAGs play in connective tissue? | Transport and protective |
| 3 types of fibers in connective tissue | Collagenous, reticular, and elastic |
| Which fiber is the strongest in CT? | Collagenous |
| What is the predominant fixed cell called? | Fibroblast |
| Describe fibroblast | large, irregularly shaped. can reproduce. manufacture and secrete fibers |
| 5 fixed cell examples | Fibroblasts, chondroblast, adipose cells, reticular cells, and blood cells |
| -Blast suffix | forming cell, still producing |
| -Cyte suffix | mature cell, not producing |
| 3 types of transient connective tissue cells | White blood cells, Mast cells, and macrophages |
| Function and appearance of white blood cells | Small and protective |
| Function and appearance of mast cells | Oval darm purple granules. initiate inflammatory response |
| Function and appearance of macrophages | Massive, irregular. engulf microbes, dead cells, and debris |
| Appearance of Areolar tissue | Random fibers suspended in thick, translucent substance |
| Location of Areolar tissue | Everywhere |
| Function of Areolar tissue | Cushions organs |
| Location of Adipose tissue | Beneath skin and between muscles |
| Function of Adipose tissue | Insulate and storage |
| Define edema | Fluid build up in tissues-frequent occuring bc so much space to be filled up. Happens during shock |
| Describe dense fibrous CT | Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers. Strength |
| Location of dense fibrous CT | Tendons and fascial sheets that cover muscle |
| Describe dense irregular CT | Collagen bundles thicker than DRCT. Able to withstand forces from many directions |
| Location of dense irregular CT | Dermis of skin |
| Appearance and Location of Hyaline Cartilage | Blue-white frosted glass. trachael rings and Ends of bones in joints (connects ribs to sternum) |
| Appearance and Location of Elastic Cartilage | Dense branching bundles that appear black. Epiglottis and larynx and pinnae of easrs |
| Appearance and Location of Fibrocartilage | Thick bundles of collagen fibers. Btw vertebrae of spine. Absorbs compression. |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal and limited in thickness? | |
| What are cartilage cells called? | Chondrocyte-mature Chondroblast-forming |
| 2 types of bone | Compact and spongy |
| 5 functions of bone | 1)forms skeletal frame of animals 2) protects vital organs 3) calcium reserve 4) site of blood cell production 5) fat storage |
| 4 components of blood | 1) Plasma (fluid) 2) Red blood cells 3) White blood cells 4) Platelets |
| Function of plasma | transport O2 to tissues. CO2 away from tissues |
| Function of red blood cells | Transport and maintain body temp |
| Function of white blood cells | Protect against disease |
| Function of platelets | Clotting |
| Location of mucous membranes in the body | Lining of digestive, repiratory, urinary, and repro tracts |
| 2 types of tissues found in mucous membranes | Epithelial and Loose Connective |
| 2 tissue types serous membranes are made of | Parietal (cavity wall) and visceral layer (outer surface) |
| Location of serous membranes in body | Line walls and cover organs in chest cavity or thorax |
| Describe fluid that is found between layers of serous membranes | Thin and watery |
| Function of fluid inbetween serous membrane | Reduce friction |
| Transudate | Thin, mostly H2O |
| Exudate | Dense and has debris |
| Definition of effusion | fluid that is abnormal large amount that enters into body cavity |
| Definition of ascites | Presence of an effusion in peritoneal space of abdominopelvic cavity (ex of effusion) |
| Another 2 names for skin | Cutaneous membrane and integument |
| Outer layer of skin is called? Inner layer? | Epidermis. Dermis |
| Type of tissue Epidermis is made of? | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| Function of Epidermis | Waterproof and protective |
| What tissue is Dermis made of? | Collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers |
| Which layer of skin is avascular? | Epidermis |
| Location of synovial membranes | Cavities of true, moveable joints |
| How are synovial membranes different from other membranes? | Have no epithelium, exclusively CT |
| What 2 things are found in joints at the end of long bones? What purpose do they serve? | Synovial fluid (inside joint) and hyaline cartilage (lines top of joint) Reduce friction and abrasion |
| Location of Smooth muscle tissue | Walls of blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus, intestines, and stomach |
| Function of smooth muscle tissue | Peristalsis in GI tract, constriction of BV and emptying of bladder |
| Define peristalsis | Involuntary, wave-like contractions |
| Which muscle contracts without cardiac input? | Smooth |
| Function of neural tissue | Receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body (communication) |
| Location of neural tissue | Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves |
| 2 types of cells found in neural tissue | Neurons and Neuroglial cells |
| 3 parts of neuron | Body, Dendrties, and Axon |
| Nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles found in the? | Body of the neuron |
| Which extension of the neuron receives impulses? | Dedrites |
| Which extension of the neuron conducts impulses? | Axon |
| 4 tissues that receive impulses from neurons | Muscle, Viscera, Glands and other neurons |
| Function of neuroglial cells | Support nucleus, phagocytize debris, supply nutrients to neurons |
| What is the body's initial response to injury? | Inflammation |
| 5 signs of inflammation | Red, Swollen, hot, and tender, and decreased function of the part |
| Purpose of inflammation | Isolate area, limit damage caused by injury, and prevent further damage |
| What is infection? | Pathogen invade into area |
| What is granulation tissue? | Bright pink tissue that forms beneath blood clot or scab. Helps heal |
| What is proud flesh? | Too much granulated tissue that becomes too thick |
| What occurs during regeneration or fibrosis phase of wound healing? | Epithelial cells around wound edges actively divide to lay down a new layer of epithelial tissue over the granulation tissue (leads to scar tissue) |
| Negative effects of scar tissue | Less flexible than normal tissue |
| What is an adhesion? | Sticky and sticks structures together |
| First-intention wound repair | Skin forms primary union without formation of granulation tissue or sig. scarring (suture after surgery) |
| 2nd-intention wound repair | Occurs in wounds in which edges are separated from one-another in which granulation tissue forms to close the gap. Scarring results |
| 3rd-intention wound repair | Big wounds, need granulation and scarring occurs |
| What is icterus? | Yellowness in blood that leads to jaundice |
| What causes icterus? | Liver failure and hemolytic anemia (too much breakdown of red blood cells) |
| What is hypoxia? | Blue membrane-not providing tissues with adequate amounts of O2 |
| What can cause hypoxia? | Tracheal obstruction, severe pnemonia, or circulatory collapse |
| What is hypermia? | Bright red |
| What can cause hypermia? | - blood flow to peripheral tissues is increased |
| What is hypertension? | Fever and hypertensive animals (high BP) and allergic reactions |
| What can cause pale MM? | Anemia, shock, or hypothermic (low BP) |
| How long is typical CRT? | 1-2 Seconds |
| What can cause prolonged CRT? | Compromised cardiac output and low BP |
| A | without |
| Hypo | Decreased |
| Hyper | Increased |
| Plasia | Number of cells that make up tissue |
| Trophy | Cell size |
Created by:
lrmccauley
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