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Micro Quiz #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbiology | Study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification |
| 2 ways microbes are involved in energy production | Photosynthesis and Decomposition |
| 3 ways human use Microorganisms | Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, and Bioremediation |
| Biotechnology | production of food drugs and vaccines using living organisms |
| Genetic Engineering | manipulating genes of an organism to create a new products |
| Bioremediation | using living microorganisms to remedy environmental issues |
| What is the lifestyle of Microorganisms | majority are free living and relatively harmless and often beneficial |
| Pathogens | microbes that cause disease |
| How many different pathogens are there | 2,000 |
| Spontaneous Generation | the idea that life could arise out of nothing |
| Who dissproved spontaneous generation | louis pasteur |
| What theory did Louis Pasteur come up with and describe it | Theory of Biogenesis. Living things come from living things |
| Who was the first to observe living microbes | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
| Define Scientific Method | approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon |
| Who discovered endospores? | John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn |
| What are endospores? | Heat resistant structures that bacteria create to protect it |
| What is sterility | elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses |
| Who discovered that mothers who gave birth at home developed less infections than mothers who gave birth in hospitals? | Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes |
| Who correlated infections with doctors going straight from autopsy to patients? | Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Who introduced aseptic techniques? | Joseph Lister |
| What are aseptic techniques | Techniques to minimize spread of microbes (washing hands etc.) |
| What is the germ theory of disease | diseases are spread from microbes |
| Who contributed to the germ theory of disease? | Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch |
| Louis Pasteur | 1-microbes caused fermentation and spoilage of food. 2-disproved spontaneous generation 3-pasteurization 4-germ theory of disease |
| Robert Koch | Koch's postulates-sequence of experiments that explained germ theory of disease |
| Taxonomy | organizing, classifying, and naming living things |
| Nomenclature | assigning names |
| Levels of Classification | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| Phylogeny | natural relatedness between groups of organisms |
| what does evolution progress to? | greater complexity |
| 3 domains of life | Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya |
| What do all cells have? | DNA chromosomes, ribosomes, and metabolic capabilites |
| Examples of Eukaryotic cells | animals, plants, fungi |
| Examples of prokaryotic cells | bacteria and archaea |
| 5 characteristics of life | reproduction, growth, movement, transport, and protection/support |
| 2 groups of appendages | motility and attachment |
| 3 parts of flagella | filaments, hook, and basal body |
| Monotrichous | single flagellum at one end |
| Lophotrichous | group at one end |
| Amphitrichous | groups at each end |
| Peritrichous | all over |
| Chemical stimuli in flagella | chemotaxis |
| light stimuli in flagella | phototaxis |
| counterclockwise in flagella | run |
| clockwise in flagella | tumble |
| periplasmic flagella function and location | movement by contracting and twisting. internal btw outer sheath and peptidoglycan |
| Fimbriae function and form | Fine bristle like from cell surface. attachment bc sticky |
| Pili form location and function | rigid tubular structure. gram-negative bacteria. join cells together for transfer of DNA |
| What is DNA transfer in Pili called? | conjugation |
| What is glycocalyx made of | sugar and proteins |
| form and function of slime layer | loosly organized and keep hydrated |
| form and function of capsule | highly organized and protects again phagocytosis from white blood cells which leads to greater pathogenicity |
| Gram-positive membranes | THICK peptidoglycan and cell membrane |
| Gram-negative membranes | THIN peptidoglycan with cell membrane and outer membrane |
| What does the presence of cell walls do? | prevent lysis |
| What is peptidoglycan made of? | NAG and NAM |
| Gram-positive components | NAG, NAM, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid |
| What is the function of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid | maintaince and help in cell division |
| What does the outer membrane in gram-negative cells contain | lipopolysaccharides (LPS) |
| What is dangerous about Lipid A | endotoxin-released when bacteria cells get broken down |
| What is the purpose of a Gram stain | aid in diagnosing infeciton and guiding drug treatment |
| What color is final stains? | Gram positive- purple. gram negative-red |
Created by:
lrmccauley
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