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Section VI
Intro to Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration | Diffusion |
| compounds that when placed in water will seperate into positively and negatively charged particles. These charged particles are called ions | Electrolyte |
| Fluid outside the cells, includes plasma and interstitial fluid | Extracellular fluid |
| pressure exerted by fluids such as blood pressure. | Hydrostatic Pressure |
| A solution with a higher level of salt than is found in a living red blood cell. | Hypertonic Solution |
| Circulatory failure caused by a drop in clood colume that causes blood pressure to drop; a low volume of the blood. | Hypovolemic Shock |
| A solution is dilute, contains a lower level of salt than is found in a living red blood cell. Will release water out of it, in an attempt to raise the concentration level in the solution compared to surrounding systems | Hypotoni Solution |
| An extracellular fluid that fills the spaces between most cells of the body and provides a substantial part of the liquid environment of the body | Interstitial Fluid |
| Fluid located within the cells, largest fluid compartment | Intracelllular Fluid |
| A solution that has the same salt concentration as the normal cells of the body and the blood | Intravascular Fluid |
| A solution that has the same salt concentration as the normal cells of the body and the blood. | Isotonic |
| Specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood. | Lymph |
| Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane | Osmosis |
| Amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis; a solution's potential pressure caused by nondiffusible solute particles in the solution | Osmotic Pressure |
| Portion of the extracellular fluid, including the fluid within special body cavities. Examples are gastrointestinal fluid, cerebrspinal fluid, ocular fluid, joint fluid, and bladder urine | Transcellular Fluid |
| Water is _% of body weight in newborn infant; _ % in adult male; _% in adult females | 80%; 60%; 50% |
| Also known as intravascular fluid; Non-cellular portion of blood; higher protein content than interstitial fluid or lymph | Plasma |
| Plasma, Interstitial Fluid, and Transcellular fluid are types of _ fluids. | Extracellular Fluids |
| Refers to the osmotic pressure of any solution relative to the osmotic pressure of plasma | Tonicity |
| The major movement of water between the intracellular fluid (cytosol) and the fluid that surrounds the cell is due to _. | Change in osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid |
| An increase in the volume of free water in the body resulting in dilutional hyponatremia | Water Intoxication |
| Abdominal cramps, Nausea; Comiting; Lethargy; Dizziness are S/S of _. | Water Intoxication |
| Distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons; urine formation; ADH controls direct reabsorption of water in the kidneys are examples of what? | Regulation of Water Output |
| Water output exceeds water intake | Dehydration |
| Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid witin the interstitial fluid; S/S are low plasma protein concentration; obstructio of lymphatic vessels; increased venous pressure; inflammation. | Edema |
| Electrolytes are lost through _, _, and _. | Perspiration, urine, and feces |
| Concentration of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions in body fluids are important for _? | Regulation of Electrolyte output |
| Most important cation in the intracellular fluid compartment | |
| Water is _% of body weight in newborn infant; _ % in adult male; _% in adult females | 80%; 60%; 50% |
| Also known as intravascular fluid; Non-cellular portion of blood; higher protein content than interstitial fluid or lymph | Plasma |
| Plasma, Interstitial Fluid, and Transcellular fluid are types of _ fluids. | Extracellular Fluids |
| Refers to the osmotic pressure of any solution relative to the osmotic pressure of plasma | Tonicity |
| The major movement of water between the intracellular fluid (cytosol) and the fluid that surrounds the cell is due to _. | Change in osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid |
| An increase in the volume of free water in the body resulting in dilutional hyponatremia | Water Intoxication |
| Abdominal cramps, Nausea; Comiting; Lethargy; Dizziness are S/S of _. | Water Intoxication |
| Distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons; urine formation; ADH controls direct reabsorption of water in the kidneys are examples of what? | Regulation of Water Output |
| Water output exceeds water intake | Dehydration |
| Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid witin the interstitial fluid; S/S are low plasma protein concentration; obstructio of lymphatic vessels; increased venous pressure; inflammation. | Edema |
| Electrolytes are lost through _, _, and _. | Perspiration, urine, and feces |
| Concentration of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions in body fluids are important for _? | Regulation of Electrolyte output |
| During the regulation of electrolyte output _ is the most important cation in the intracellular fluid compartment; required for nerve and muscle impulses; indirectly controlled by aldosterone | Potassium |
| Most important ion in the body; secondarily found in the extracellular fluid comparmtnet; and regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. | Calcium |
| Primarily an intracellular cation that is also found in bone | Magnesium |
| Mechanisms that control positively charged ions secondarily regulate negatively charged ions | Chloride and Bicarbonate |
| Principally an intracellular electrolyte but found most abundantly in the bones with the remainder combined with lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and high-energy compounds such as adenosine triphosphate | Phosphate |
| Lower than normal blood Na+, caused by prolonged excessive perspiration, vomiting, ADH secretion, or diarrhea; characterized by muscular weakness, dizziness, tachycardia, and headaches; | Hyponatremia |
| Higher than normal blood sodium levels; caused by water deprivation or excessive sodium consumption; characterized by hypertonicity of the extracellular fluid compartment | Hypernatremia |
| Lower than normal levels of potassium; caused by vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, excessive aldosterone secretion, or high sodium intake; characterized by cramps, nausea, increased urine output, and electrocardiogram changes | Hypokalemia |
| Higher than normal levels of potassium; caused by low aldosterone secretion excessive ingestion, or renal disease; characterized by irritability/anxiety, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and possible heart fibrillation | Hyperkalemia |
| Lack of urine | Anuria |
| Stone, usually composed of mineral salts | Calculus |
| Increased production of urine | Diuresis |
| Painful urination | Dysuria |
| Blood in urine | Henaturia |
| Organs that remove substances from the blood, form urine, and help regulate various metabolic functions | Kidneys |
| Urination | Micturation |
| Functional unit of kidney | Nephron |
| Presence of urine contents in blood | Uremia |
| Tubular structures that trasport urine away from the kidney to the bladder | Ureters |
| Serves as a urine reservoir | Urinary Bladder |
| Tubular structures that transport urine from bladder out of the body | Urethra |
| Horomone that stimulates the kidneys to RETAIN SODIUM ions and water | Aldosterone |
| Horomone produced int eh posterior pituitary gland to REGULATE THE BALANCE OF WATER in the body by accelerating reabsorption of water | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| Remove substances from the blood; form urine; regulate various metabolic functions; elimination of waste; BP regulation; Regulation of RBC, Fluids & Electrolyte balance; acid base balance; and urine production/excretion are functions of | Kidneys |
| Kidneys are _ shaped organs about the size of your fists. Length _ cm; Width _ cm; Thickness _ cm | 12, 6, 3 |
| Outer reddish area of tissue whih forms a shell around the medulla | Cortex |
| Inner region located between the renal pelvis and the outer cortex composed of cone-shaped structures called | Renal pyramids |
| Cavity within the kidney which houses the renal pyramid. | Renal sinus |
| Nerves and blood vessels pass into the renal sinus through the _ | Hilus |
| A thin-walled, sac like structure that surrounds the glomerulus, receives the glomerular filtrate and gives rise to the renal tubule | Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule |
| Highley coiled portion of the renal tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule and is abundant with mitochondria to support the energy neede for active transportation | Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
| Nephron loop - straight portion leading from the proximal convoluted tubule, composed of the descending limb and the ascending limb | Loop of Henle |
| Highly coiled segment of the tubule that extends from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to the collecting duct | Distal Convoluted Tubule |
| Straight segment of the tubule, formed from several DCT's, carries filtrate from the cortex to the minor calyx | Collecting Duct |
| Kidney Blood Supply | 1200 ml per min or 15%-30% |
| Urine Formation 3 Processes | Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion |
| Occurs throughout renal tubule, is responsible for most of the changes in fluid concentration as filtrate is converted to urine | Tubular Reabsorption |
| Most reabsorption occurs here, epithelial cells contain microvilli; Glucose reabsorbed by active transport; 70% of sodium ions are reabsorbed here through active transportation; most water reabsorbed | Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
| Continued active reabsorption of sodium, usually impermeable to water except when under the influence of specific hormones | Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct |
| Process of moving substanes into the tubular filtrate from the blood in the peritubular capillaries | Tubular Secretion |
| Secreted by adrenal cortex and secretion of Potassium | Aldosterone |
| Causes increased reabsorbtion of water in the Distal Convoluted Tubule and collectin ducts by making them permeable to water | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| Sex cells, ova and spermatazoa | Gamete |
| Luteinizing hormone in the male | Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone |
| REDUCTION in the amount of genetic material | Meiosis |
| DUPLICATES the chromosomes in its cell nucleus to generate TWO DAUGHTER CELLS | Mitosis |
| Creation of avum | Oogenesis |
| Occus when a mature egg is released from the ovary | Ovulation |
| A result of fertilization | Zygote |
| Process by which male spermatogonia develop into mature spermatozoa | Spermatogenesis |
| Male primary sex organs (gonads) | Testes |
| Testes are _ cm long and _ cm wide; suspended by _ . | 3.8; 2.5; Spermatic cord |
| Testes are surrounded by tough white fibrous capsule called what? | Tunica albuginea |
| Sperm is made in _ lined with epithelial cells. | Seminiferous tubule |
| Located between the seminiferous tubules and secrete primary male sex hormone (testosterone) | Interstitial cells |
| Beginning of new sperm, or sperm formation? How many days? | Spermatogensis; 64 |
| Spermatogonia develops into _ . | Spermatocytes |
| Spermatocytes undergo meiosis resulting in _ . | 4 spermatids |
| Spermatids transform into mature _ . | Spermatozoa |
| Head of a mature sperm cell | Acrosome |
| Body of a mature sperm cell containing mitochondria | Midpiece |
| Tightly coiled tube about 20 feet leading to vas deferens that stores sperm until maturity | Epididymis |
| Muscular tube joins seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct | Vas Deferens |
| Secretes a yellow, alkaline fluid rich in fructose and other nutrients; 60% of semen volume | Seminal Vesicle |
| Doughnut-shaped, walnut-sized; think milky, alkaline fluid which neutralizes semen | Prostate Gland |
| Also called Cowper's glands; (pre-ejaculate); Secretes mucus like fluid; 5% of seminal fluid | Bulbourethral glands |
| Three columns of erectile tissue | Corpora Cavernosa (2) and Corpus Spongiosum (1) |
| Male sex hormones, produced primarily in the testes | Androgens |
| Primarily responsible for spermatogenesis | Follicle Stimulating hormone |
| Responsible for the development and maintenance of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics | Testosterone |
| Female primary sex organs | Ovaries |
| Sheds during mentration | Endometrium |
| Forms a funnel near the ovary | Infundibulum |
| Finger like projections in uterine tube | Fimbriae |
| Uterus has threee layers | Endometrium, Myometrium, and Perimetrium |
| Outer serosal layer that covers the body of the uterus and part of the cervix | Perimetrium |
| Middle thick muscular layer that has large bundles of smooth muscle fibers | Myometrium |
| 1st menstrual cylcle called? | Menarche |
| Produced by the corpus luteum and promotes changes in the uterus during the reproductive cycle; influences mammary glands | Progesterone |
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trufhurts
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