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CSDO3321-001
Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism -- Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Coronal | Divides the front and back parts of a body or organ. Any view taken from the front or back. |
| Sagittal | Divides the left and right sides of a body or organ. Any view taken from the side. |
| Transverse | Divides the body into top and bottom. Any view taken looking upward or downward. |
| Dorsal | Toward the backbone. |
| Ventral | Toward the belly. |
| Anterior | Toward the nose. |
| Posterior | Away from the nose. |
| Superior | Toward the head. |
| Inferior | Toward the tail. |
| Rostral | Toward the head. |
| Caudal | Toward the tail. |
| Medial | Any part which is closer to the center of the relevant area. |
| Distal | Anything farther from the center of the relevant area. |
| Lateral | Anything farther from the center of the relevant area. |
| Anatomy | Structure of an organism. |
| Physiology | Function of the living organism and its components. |
| Applied anatomy (Clinical anatomy) | Application of anatomy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. |
| Descriptive anatomy (Systematic anatomy) | Relates individual parts of the body to functional systems without reference to the disease conditions. |
| Gross anatomy | Studies body parts without a microscope |
| Microscopic anatomy | Studies body parts with a microscope |
| Surface anatomy | Study of the form and structure of the surface of the body, especially in reference to the organs beneath the surface. |
| Developmental anatomy | Studies growth and development to birth |
| Pathological anatomy | Studies changes in the body due to the disease. |
| Comparative anatomy | Study of homologous structures within animals. |
| Electrophysiological | Relating to the electrical activity of cells. |
| Evoked auditory potentials | Auditory stimuli. |
| Respiratory physiology | Concerned with all processes involved in breathing. |
| Cytology | Examines cell structure and function |
| Histology | Studies tissues with a microscope |
| Osteology | Studies bone structure and function |
| Arthrology | Studies joints |
| Angiography | Studies blood vessels and lymphatic system |
| Neurology | Studies the nervous system |
| Myology | Studies muscle structure and function |
| Dorsal trunk | Known as "the back" |
| Pelvis | Formed by the hip bones |
| Trunk | Thorax and abdomen to which the legs, arms, and head are attached to. |
| Caput | Head or skull |
| Cranial portion | The part of the skull that contains the brain and its components. |
| Facial portion | The part of the skull that contains the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, and teeth. |
| Cranial cavity | Brain and spinal cord |
| Thoracic cavity | Lungs and related structures |
| Pericardial cavity | Heart |
| Abdominal cavity | Digestive organs |
| Anatomical position | Body is erect; palms, arms, and hands face forward |
| Axis | The imaginary midline around which the body pivots. |
| Axial skeleton | The head and trunk; spinal cord is axis. |
| Appendicular skeleton | Lower and upper limbs |
| Superficial | A structure confined to the surface. |
| Peripheral | Something closer to the surface than something else. |
| Deep | Something farther away from the surface than something else. |
| Prone | (On the belly) Body horizontal with face down |
| Supine | (On the back) Body horizontal with face up |
| Lateral | The side |
| Proximal | Point closest to the trunk |
| Distal | Point farthest from the trunk; Away from the midline |
| Medial | Toward the midline |
| Flexion | Bending at a joint |
| Extension | Straightening out a joint |
| Plantar | Sole of the foot |
| Palmar | Palm of hand |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers surfaces of the body; covers linings of cavities and passageways; acts as a barrier against infectious diseases; prevents dehyrdration and fluid loss. |
| Connective Tissue | Binds together and supports tissues and organs; may be solid, liquid, or gel-like |
| Areolar tissue | Connective tissue; supportive in nature; adipose and lymphoid tissue |
| Fibrous tissue | Connective tissue; binds structures together |
| Cartilage | Connective tisse; hyaline, fibro-cartilage, yellow (elastic) cartilage |
| Blood | Connective tissue; plasma and blood cells |
| Bone | Hardest form of connective tissue |
| Muscular tissue | Contractile tissue |
| Voluntary striated muscle (skeletal muscle) | Can be moved in response to conscious processes. Striped appearance. |
| Involuntary smooth muscle | Found in the digestive tract and blood vessels. Sheetlike appearance. |
| Cardiac muscle | Outside of voluntary control; netlike appearance |
| Nervous tissue | Specialized for communication; consists of neurons or nerve cells; functions to transfer information |
| Organ | Body tissues combined together to perform a special function |
| Organ tissues | All serve the same general purpose |
| Fascia | Tissue aggregatate; membrane that surrounds organs |
| Ligaments | Tissue aggregatate; fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilage |
| Tendons | Tissue aggregatate; connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or cartilage |
| Diarthrodial (Synovial) joints | Highly mobile; joint cavities contain lubricating synovial fluid; inclues plane (gliding) joints, ball-and-socket joints, and hinge joints |
| Amthiarthodial (Cartilaginous) joints | Slightly mobile; cartilage forms union between two joints |
| Synarthrodial (fibrous) joints | Immobile; bound by fibrous ligaments; sutures, located between bones of the skull joints |
| Muscle | Aggregares of contractive muscle fibers with a common function; can shorten to about half of their length |
| Origin | The muscle's point of attachment of the least mobile element |
| Insertion | The point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts |
| Agonists | Muscles that move structures |
| Antagonists | Muscles that oppose contraction of agonists |
| Synergists | Muscles that stabilize structures |
| Muscle Innervation | Muscles are innervated by a single nerve; can be sensory (afferent) or excitory (efferent) |
| Motor unit | Consists of one efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fiber it innervates |
| Systems | Groups of organs that perform a specific function; failure or an organ causes functional disorders; organs can be part of more than one system |
| Muscular system | Smooth, straight, cardiac muscle |
| Skeletal system | Bones and cartilages |
| Respiratory system | Oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs |
| Digestive system | Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, intestines, and glands |
| Reproductive system | Ovaries and testes |
| Urinary system | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
| Endocrine system | Glands that produce hormones |
| Nervous system | Nerve tissue and central and peripheral nervous systems structures |
| Respiratory system (in Speech Pathology) | Involves respiration |
| Phonatory system (in Speech Pathology) | Produces voiced sound |
| Articulatory/Respnatory System (in Speech Pathology) | Shapes the oral cavity for production of sounds of speech |
| Nervous system (in Speech Pathology) | Controls speech processes |
| Systems of speech | Speech requires the integrates action of Respiratory, Phonatory, Articulatory/Resonatory, and Nervous systems |
Created by:
jayharris22
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