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AP Bio Ch2 Chemistry
AP Bio Ch 2 Organic Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
| Compound | A substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio |
| Trace elements | Elements that are required by an organism in only minute quantities; Ex. - Iron, Iodine |
| Atoms | Smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of the element; made up of neutrons and protons in the nucleus and electrons in a cloud around the nucleus |
| Atomic number | The number of protons an element possesses; unique to every element |
| Mass Number | Equivalent to the sum of an element's protons and neutrons |
| Chemical bonds | Interactions between the valence electrons of different atoms; used to form molecules |
| Covalent bond | Bond in which valence electrons are shared by two atoms |
| Non-polar covalent bond | Bond in which the electrons being shared are shared equally between the two atoms |
| Polar covalent bond | Bond is which one atom has greater electronegativity than the other, resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons |
| Ionic bond | Bond in which the two bonded atoms attract shared electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom |
| Ion | A charged atom or molecule |
| Cation | Ion with a positive charge |
| Anion | Ion with a negative charge |
| Hydrogen bond | Bond in which the positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged atom of another molecule; relatively weak bonds |
| Cohesion | Process by which hydrogen bonds hold a substance together |
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another |
| Specific heat | The amount of hear required to raise or lower the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius |
| Solvent | A substance that something is dissolved into |
| Hydrophilic | Refers to substances that are water-soluble |
| Hydrophobic | Refers to nonpolar substances that don't dissolve in water; ex. - oils |
| Buffers | Substances that minimize changes in pH |
| Polymers | Long chain molecules made of repeating units that are either the same as or very similar to each other; made up of MONOMERS |
| Condensation reaction | The reaction that creates polymers in which two monomers are combined and one water molecule is released; also called DEHYDRATION REACTIONS |
| Carbohydrates | Refers to both simple sugars and to polymers made of monosaccharides; one of the four basic macromolecules |
| Disaccharides | Made up of two monosaccharides that have undergone a condensation reaction; ex. - sucrose, maltose, and lactose |
| Polysaccharides | Polymers of monosaccharides; stored as STARCH is plants and GLYCOGEN in animals |
| Lipids | Macromolecule that is not a polymer; grouped together because molecules are hydrophobic; ex. - waxes, oils, fats, steriods |
| Proteins | Polymers made up of AMINO ACIDS (organic molecules that contain a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group) |
| Nucleotides | Nucleic acid monomers made up of a nitrogen base, sugar (pentose), and a phosphate group; forms DNA and RNA |
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