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Chapter 1-3 Bio Test
Test Flash cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of Science? | is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world |
| What is the definition of observation? | Something thatinvolves using one or more of the senses to gather information. |
| Inference: | is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience. |
| Hypothesis | is a possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question |
| What did Francesco Redi propose about spontaneous generation? | Proposed maggots came from flies, tested and published his findings. |
| What did John Needham do in science? | Challenged Redi's findings. Boiled gravy and found that little animals were "produced" from the gravy |
| Theory | applies to well tested explanations that unifies a broad range of observations |
| Cell | A cell is a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings |
| Sexual Reproduction | Occurs when two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism |
| Asexual Reproduction | occurs when an existing organism divides in half to form two new genetically identical organisms. |
| Directions for inheritance are carried by what molecule? | DNA |
| The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes is what? | Metabolism |
| Some organisms produce their own energy through what process? | Photosynthesis |
| What is the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal condition> | Homeostasis |
| What does it mean when an organism changes over time? | It evolves |
| What are the levels at which life can be studied? | Molecules, cells, organisms, populations of a single organism, communities or populations living in the same area, and the biosphere |
| What kind of information does biology provide? | Food, health, environment, energy, and much more |
| What do most scientists use when collecting data and performing experiments and why? | The metric system; b/c it is based on units of 10 and is easily understood, used and converted |
| What are devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye? | Microscopes |
| What produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays? | Light Microscopes |
| What allo light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to focus? | compound microscopes |
| What produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons? | electron microscope |
| Scientist place a single cell into a dish with a nutrient solution, allowing the cell to multiply into a group in order to be better studied | cell cultures |
| Allows biologists to separate different parts of the cells to better study them individually | cell fractionation |
| What is the basic unit of matter? give greek orgination and meaning | atom; atomos; unable to be cut |
| what are the subatomic particles? | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| positivily charged particles | protons |
| negatively charged particles | electrons |
| particles with no chare | neutrons |
| what is at the center of the atom | nucleus |
| which subatomic particle is constantly in motion around the nucleus and has 1/1840 the mass of a proton? | electron |
| a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom | element |
| what 2 subatomic particles are equal in amount? | protons and neutrons |
| these are atoms of the same element that are different in the number of neutrons they contain | isotopes |
| what are isotopes identified by? | their mass numbers |
| What do all isotopes of an element have in common? | chemical properties |
| a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions | chemical compound |
| a shorthand that shows the composition of compounds | chemical formulas |
| formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another | ionic bonds |
| formed when electrons are shared between atoms | covalent bonds |
| the smallest unit of most compounds | molecule |
| when molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules | van der waals forces |
| Why is the water molecule neutral? | Because the positive charges=the negative ones |
| why is a water molecule polar? | there is an uneven distribution of electrons b/t the oxygen and hydrogen atoms |
| not as strong as covalent or ionic bonds, but they are responsible for many of waters properties | hydrogen bonds |
| the attraction b/t molecules of the same substance; reason why water forms droplets on a smooth surface | cohesion |
| an attraction b/t molecules of different substances; force behind capillary action | adhesion |
| a material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined | mixture |
| all the components of this are evenly distributed throughout the solution | solutions |
| substance being dissolved in a solution | solute |
| substance in which something dissolves | solvent |
| a mixture of water and non-dissolved particles that do not settle out | suspension |
| indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution | pH scale |
| any compound that forms H+ ions in a solution | acid |
| a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-ions) in a solution | base |
| are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH | buffers |
| Name the 4 groups of organic compounds in living things | lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| what means giant molecules | macromolecules |
| a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals | chemical reaction |
| the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction | reactants |
| these or compounds are produced by a chemical reaction | elements |
| energy needed to get a reaction started | activation energy |
| proteins that act as biological catalysts | enzymes |
| a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, they work by lowering a reaction's activation energy | catalysts |
| enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react, such a site reduces the energy needed for reaction | enzyme action |
| the reactants of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions | substrates |
| what does a cell contain that helps the regulation of enzyme activity? | cells contain proteins that help turn them on or off |
| the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings | ecology |
| who coined the word ecology and what is its orgination and what does it mean | ernest haeckel, greek word "oikos" which means house |
| individuals that can breed with one another | species |
| all the individuals of the same species in an area. it is always composed of the same-species organisms | population |
| all the populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem | community |
| a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together, with their non-living, or physical, environment | ecosystem |
| is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities | biome |
| scientists conduct modern ecological research using 3 basic approaches: | observing, experimenting, and modeling |
| what is the main energy source for life | sunlight |
| how much of the sun's energy that reaches earths surface is used by living things | 3% |
| organisms that can utilize sunlight or chemicals to produce food. | autotrophs |
| producers | autotrophs |
| example of autotroph | kelp |
| a process in which autotrophs harness solar energy to power a chemical reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates | photosynthesis |
| when organisms use chemcial energy to produce carbohydrates | chemosynthesis |
| organisms that cannot acquire energy from sunlight must acquire energy from other organisms | heterotrophy |
| consumers | heterotrophs |
| name all heterotrophs | herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detrivores, decomposers |
| eat plant material | herbivore |
| eat other animals | carnivore |
| eat animals and plants | omnivores |
| detrivores | eat dead animal and plant material |
| decomposers | break down organic matter |
| explain how energy flows in an ecosystem | from the sun or inorganic compounds, to autotrophs, to heterotrophs |
| a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten | food chain |
| when the feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem form a network of complex interactions; links all the food chains in an ecosystem together | food web |
| each step in a food chain or food web is called this. name the 1st and 2nd levels | trophic levels; producers, consumers |
| a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or web | ecological pyramid |
| total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level | biomass |
| how is matter recycled? | between and within ecosystems |
| elements, chemical compounds and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another from one part of the biosphere to another through what | biogeochemical cycles |
| the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas | evaporation |
| water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in what process | transpiration |
| every living organism needs this to build tissues and carry out essential life functions | nutrients |
| nutrients are passed b/t organisms and the environment through this | biogeochemical cycles |
| name the 4 different kinds of processes involved in carbon cycle | biological, geochemical, mixed biogeochemical, human actvities |
| the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia | nitrogen fixation |
| process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas, this releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere | denitrification |
| this cycle is essential for molecules of DNA and RNA | phosphorus cycle |
| where is phosphorus mostly found? | rock, soil, and ocean sediments |
| the rate at which organic matter is created by producers | primary productivity |
| when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient, this nutrient is called what | limited nutrient |
Created by:
jrm97
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